zint/backend/qr.c

/* qr.c Handles QR Code, Micro QR Code, UPNQR and rMQR

    libzint - the open source barcode library
    Copyright (C) 2009-2022 Robin Stuart <rstuart114@gmail.com>

    Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
    modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
    are met:

    1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
    2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
       notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
       documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
    3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors
       may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
       without specific prior written permission.

    THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
    ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
    IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
    ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
    FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
    DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
    OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
    HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
    LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
    OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
    SUCH DAMAGE.
 */

#include <math.h>
#ifdef _MSC_VER
#include <malloc.h>
#endif
#include "common.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include "eci.h"
#include "sjis.h"
#include "qr.h"
#include "reedsol.h"
#include <assert.h>

#define QR_ALPHA    (IS_NUM_F | IS_UPR_F | IS_SPC_F | IS_AST_F | IS_PLS_F | IS_MNS_F | IS_SIL_F | IS_CLI_F)

#define QR_LEVEL_L  1
#define QR_LEVEL_M  2
#define QR_LEVEL_Q  3
#define QR_LEVEL_H  4

static const char qr_ecc_level_names[] = { 'L', 'M', 'Q', 'H' };

#define QR_PERCENT  38 /* Alphanumeric mode % */

#define RMQR_VERSION    41
#define MICROQR_VERSION 73

/* Returns true if input glyph is in the Alphanumeric set or is GS1 FNC1 */
static int qr_is_alpha(const unsigned int glyph, const int gs1) {
    if (is_chr(QR_ALPHA, glyph)) {
        return 1;
    }
    if (gs1 && glyph == '[') {
        return 1;
    }
    return 0;
}

/* Bits multiplied by this for costs, so as to be whole integer divisible by 2 and 3 */
#define QR_MULT 6

/* Whether in numeric or not. If in numeric, *p_end is set to position after numeric, and *p_cost is set to
 * per-numeric cost */
static int qr_in_numeric(const unsigned int ddata[], const int length, const int in_posn,
            unsigned int *p_end, unsigned int *p_cost) {
    int i, digit_cnt;

    if (in_posn < (int) *p_end) {
        return 1;
    }

    /* Attempt to calculate the average 'cost' of using numeric mode in number of bits (times QR_MULT) */
    for (i = in_posn; i < length && i < in_posn + 4 && ddata[i] >= '0' && ddata[i] <= '9'; i++);

    digit_cnt = i - in_posn;

    if (digit_cnt == 0) {
        *p_end = 0;
        return 0;
    }
    *p_end = i;
    *p_cost = digit_cnt == 1
                ? 24 /* 4 * QR_MULT */ : digit_cnt == 2 ? 21 /* (7 / 2) * QR_MULT */ : 20 /* (10 / 3) * QR_MULT) */;
    return 1;
}

/* Whether in alpha or not. If in alpha, *p_end is set to position after alpha, and *p_cost is set to per-alpha cost.
 * For GS1, *p_pcent set if 2nd char percent */
static int qr_in_alpha(const unsigned int ddata[], const int length, const int in_posn,
            unsigned int *p_end, unsigned int *p_cost, unsigned int *p_pcent, unsigned int gs1) {
    int two_alphas;

    if (in_posn < (int) *p_end) {
        if (gs1 && *p_pcent) {
            /* Previous 2nd char was a percent, so allow for second half of doubled-up percent here */
            two_alphas = in_posn < length - 1 && qr_is_alpha(ddata[in_posn + 1], gs1);
            *p_cost = two_alphas ? 33 /* (11 / 2) * QR_MULT */ : 36 /* 6 * QR_MULT */;
            *p_pcent = 0;
        }
        return 1;
    }

    /* Attempt to calculate the average 'cost' of using alphanumeric mode in number of bits (times QR_MULT) */
    if (!qr_is_alpha(ddata[in_posn], gs1)) {
        *p_end = 0;
        *p_pcent = 0;
        return 0;
    }

    if (gs1 && ddata[in_posn] == '%') { /* Must double-up so counts as 2 chars */
        *p_end = in_posn + 1;
        *p_cost = 66; /* 11 * QR_MULT */
        *p_pcent = 0;
        return 1;
    }

    two_alphas = in_posn < length - 1 && qr_is_alpha(ddata[in_posn + 1], gs1);

    *p_end = two_alphas ? in_posn + 2 : in_posn + 1;
    *p_cost = two_alphas ? 33 /* (11 / 2) * QR_MULT */ : 36 /* 6 * QR_MULT */;
    *p_pcent = two_alphas && gs1 && ddata[in_posn + 1] == '%'; /* 2nd char is percent */
    return 1;
}

/* Indexes into qr_mode_types array (and state array) */
#define QR_N   0 /* Numeric */
#define QR_A   1 /* Alphanumeric */
#define QR_B   2 /* Byte */
#define QR_K   3 /* Kanji */

static const char qr_mode_types[] = { 'N', 'A', 'B', 'K', '\0' }; /* Must be in same order as QR_N etc */

#define QR_NUM_MODES 4

/* Indexes into state array (0..3 head costs) */
#define QR_VER      4   /* Version */
#define QR_N_END    5   /* Numeric end index */
#define QR_N_COST   6   /* Numeric cost */
#define QR_A_END    7   /* Alpha end index */
#define QR_A_COST   8   /* Alpha cost */
#define QR_A_PCENT  9   /* Alpha 2nd char percent (GS1-specific) */

/* Costs set to this for invalid MICROQR modes for versions M1 and M2.
 * 128 is the max number of data bits for M4-L (ISO/IEC 18004:2015 Table 7) */
#define QR_MICROQR_MAX 774 /* (128 + 1) * QR_MULT */

/* Initial mode costs */
static unsigned int *qr_head_costs(unsigned int state[10]) {
    static const unsigned int head_costs[7][QR_NUM_MODES] = {
        /* N                    A                   B                   K */
        { (10 + 4) * QR_MULT,  (9 + 4) * QR_MULT,  (8 + 4) * QR_MULT,  (8 + 4) * QR_MULT, }, /* QR */
        { (12 + 4) * QR_MULT, (11 + 4) * QR_MULT, (16 + 4) * QR_MULT, (10 + 4) * QR_MULT, },
        { (14 + 4) * QR_MULT, (13 + 4) * QR_MULT, (16 + 4) * QR_MULT, (12 + 4) * QR_MULT, },
        {        3 * QR_MULT,     QR_MICROQR_MAX,     QR_MICROQR_MAX,     QR_MICROQR_MAX, }, /* MICROQR */
        {  (4 + 1) * QR_MULT,  (3 + 1) * QR_MULT,     QR_MICROQR_MAX,     QR_MICROQR_MAX, },
        {  (5 + 2) * QR_MULT,  (4 + 2) * QR_MULT,  (4 + 2) * QR_MULT,  (3 + 2) * QR_MULT, },
        {  (6 + 3) * QR_MULT,  (5 + 3) * QR_MULT,  (5 + 3) * QR_MULT,  (4 + 3) * QR_MULT, }
    };
    int version;

    /* Head costs kept in states 0..3 */

    version = state[QR_VER];

    if (version < RMQR_VERSION) { /* QRCODE */
        if (version < 10) {
            memcpy(state, head_costs[0], QR_NUM_MODES * sizeof(unsigned int));
        } else if (version < 27) {
            memcpy(state, head_costs[1], QR_NUM_MODES * sizeof(unsigned int));
        } else {
            memcpy(state, head_costs[2], QR_NUM_MODES * sizeof(unsigned int));
        }
    } else if (version < MICROQR_VERSION) { /* RMQR */
        version -= RMQR_VERSION;
        state[QR_N] = (rmqr_numeric_cci[version] + 3) * QR_MULT;
        state[QR_A] = (rmqr_alphanum_cci[version] + 3) * QR_MULT;
        state[QR_B] = (rmqr_byte_cci[version] + 3) * QR_MULT;
        state[QR_K] = (rmqr_kanji_cci[version] + 3) * QR_MULT;
    } else { /* MICROQR */
        memcpy(state, head_costs[3 + (version - MICROQR_VERSION)], QR_NUM_MODES * sizeof(unsigned int));
    }

    return state;
}

/* Calculate optimized encoding modes. Adapted from Project Nayuki */
static void qr_define_mode(char mode[], const unsigned int ddata[], const int length, const int gs1,
            const int version, const int debug_print) {
    /*
     * Copyright (c) Project Nayuki. (MIT License)
     * https://www.nayuki.io/page/qr-code-generator-library
     *
     * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
     * this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
     * the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
     * use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
     * the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
     * subject to the following conditions:
     * - The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
     *   all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
     */
    unsigned int state[10] = {
        0 /*N*/, 0 /*A*/, 0 /*B*/, 0 /*K*/, /* Head/switch costs */
        (unsigned int) version,
        0 /*numeric_end*/, 0 /*numeric_cost*/, 0 /*alpha_end*/, 0 /*alpha_cost*/, 0 /*alpha_pcent*/
    };
    int m1, m2;

    int i, j, k, cm_i;
    unsigned int min_cost;
    char cur_mode;
    unsigned int prev_costs[QR_NUM_MODES];
    unsigned int cur_costs[QR_NUM_MODES];
#ifndef _MSC_VER
    char char_modes[length * QR_NUM_MODES];
#else
    char *char_modes = (char *) _alloca(length * QR_NUM_MODES);
#endif

    /* char_modes[i * QR_NUM_MODES + j] represents the mode to encode the code point at index i such that the final
     * segment ends in qr_mode_types[j] and the total number of bits is minimized over all possible choices */
    memset(char_modes, 0, length * QR_NUM_MODES);

    /* At the beginning of each iteration of the loop below, prev_costs[j] is the minimum number of 1/6 (1/QR_MULT)
     * bits needed to encode the entire string prefix of length i, and end in qr_mode_types[j] */
    memcpy(prev_costs, qr_head_costs(state), QR_NUM_MODES * sizeof(unsigned int));

    /* Calculate costs using dynamic programming */
    for (i = 0, cm_i = 0; i < length; i++, cm_i += QR_NUM_MODES) {
        memset(cur_costs, 0, QR_NUM_MODES * sizeof(unsigned int));

        m1 = version == MICROQR_VERSION;
        m2 = version == MICROQR_VERSION + 1;

        if (ddata[i] > 0xFF) {
            cur_costs[QR_B] = prev_costs[QR_B] + ((m1 || m2) ? QR_MICROQR_MAX : 96); /* 16 * QR_MULT */
            char_modes[cm_i + QR_B] = 'B';
            cur_costs[QR_K] = prev_costs[QR_K] + ((m1 || m2) ? QR_MICROQR_MAX : 78); /* 13 * QR_MULT */
            char_modes[cm_i + QR_K] = 'K';
        } else {
            if (qr_in_numeric(ddata, length, i, &state[QR_N_END], &state[QR_N_COST])) {
                cur_costs[QR_N] = prev_costs[QR_N] + state[QR_N_COST];
                char_modes[cm_i + QR_N] = 'N';
            }
            if (qr_in_alpha(ddata, length, i, &state[QR_A_END], &state[QR_A_COST], &state[QR_A_PCENT], gs1)) {
                cur_costs[QR_A] = prev_costs[QR_A] + (m1 ? QR_MICROQR_MAX : state[QR_A_COST]);
                char_modes[cm_i + QR_A] = 'A';
            }
            cur_costs[QR_B] = prev_costs[QR_B] + ((m1 || m2) ? QR_MICROQR_MAX : 48); /* 8 * QR_MULT */
            char_modes[cm_i + QR_B] = 'B';
        }

        /* Start new segment at the end to switch modes */
        for (j = 0; j < QR_NUM_MODES; j++) { /* To mode */
            for (k = 0; k < QR_NUM_MODES; k++) { /* From mode */
                if (j != k && char_modes[cm_i + k]) {
                    const unsigned int new_cost = cur_costs[k] + state[j]; /* Switch costs same as head costs */
                    if (!char_modes[cm_i + j] || new_cost < cur_costs[j]) {
                        cur_costs[j] = new_cost;
                        char_modes[cm_i + j] = qr_mode_types[k];
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        memcpy(prev_costs, cur_costs, QR_NUM_MODES * sizeof(unsigned int));
    }

    /* Find optimal ending mode */
    min_cost = prev_costs[0];
    cur_mode = qr_mode_types[0];
    for (i = 1; i < QR_NUM_MODES; i++) {
        if (prev_costs[i] < min_cost) {
            min_cost = prev_costs[i];
            cur_mode = qr_mode_types[i];
        }
    }

    /* Get optimal mode for each code point by tracing backwards */
    for (i = length - 1, cm_i = i * QR_NUM_MODES; i >= 0; i--, cm_i -= QR_NUM_MODES) {
        j = posn(qr_mode_types, cur_mode);
        cur_mode = char_modes[cm_i + j];
        mode[i] = cur_mode;
    }

    if (debug_print) {
        printf("  Mode: %.*s\n", length, mode);
    }
}

/* Returns mode indicator based on version and mode */
static int qr_mode_indicator(const int version, const int mode) {
    static const int mode_indicators[6][QR_NUM_MODES] = {
        /*N  A  B  K */
        { 1, 2, 4, 8, }, /* QRCODE */
        { 1, 2, 3, 4, }, /* RMQR */
        { 0, 0, 0, 0, }, /* MICROQR */
        { 0, 1, 0, 0, },
        { 0, 1, 2, 3, },
        { 0, 1, 2, 3, },
    };

    int mode_index = posn(qr_mode_types, (const char) mode);

    if (version < RMQR_VERSION) {
        return mode_indicators[0][mode_index]; /* QRCODE */
    }
    if (version < MICROQR_VERSION) {
        return mode_indicators[1][mode_index] /* RMQR */;
    }
    return mode_indicators[2 + version - MICROQR_VERSION][mode_index]; /* MICROQR */
}

/* Return mode indicator bits based on version */
static int qr_mode_bits(const int version) {
    if (version < RMQR_VERSION) {
        return 4; /* QRCODE */
    }
    if (version < MICROQR_VERSION) {
        return 3; /* RMQR */
    }
    return version - MICROQR_VERSION; /* MICROQR */
}

/* Return character count indicator bits based on version and mode */
static int qr_cci_bits(const int version, const int mode) {
    static const int cci_bits[7][QR_NUM_MODES] = {
        /* N   A   B   K */
        { 10,  9,  8,  8, }, /* QRCODE */
        { 12, 11, 16, 10, },
        { 14, 13, 16, 12, },
        {  3,  0,  0,  0, }, /* MICROQR */
        {  4,  3,  0,  0, },
        {  5,  4,  4,  3, },
        {  6,  5,  5,  4, }
    };
    static const unsigned short *rmqr_ccis[QR_NUM_MODES] = {
        rmqr_numeric_cci, rmqr_alphanum_cci, rmqr_byte_cci, rmqr_kanji_cci,
    };
    int mode_index = posn(qr_mode_types, (const char) mode);

    if (version < RMQR_VERSION) { /* QRCODE */
        if (version < 10) {
            return cci_bits[0][mode_index];
        }
        if (version < 27) {
            return cci_bits[1][mode_index];
        }
        return cci_bits[2][mode_index];
    }
    if (version < MICROQR_VERSION) { /* RMQR */
        return rmqr_ccis[mode_index][version - RMQR_VERSION];
    }
    return cci_bits[3 + (version - MICROQR_VERSION)][mode_index]; /* MICROQR */
}

/* Returns terminator bits based on version */
static int qr_terminator_bits(const int version) {
    if (version < RMQR_VERSION) {
        return 4; /* QRCODE */
    }
    if (version < MICROQR_VERSION) {
        return 3; /* RMQR */
    }
    return 3 + (version - MICROQR_VERSION) * 2; /* MICROQR (Note not actually using this at the moment) */
}

/* Convert input data to a binary stream and add padding */
static int qr_binary(char binary[], int bp, const int version, const char mode[],
            const unsigned int ddata[], const int length, const int gs1,
            const int eci, const int debug_print) {
    int position = 0;
    int i;
    int modebits;
    int percent = 0;
    int percent_count;

    if (eci != 0) { /* Not applicable to MICROQR */
        bp = bin_append_posn(7, version < RMQR_VERSION ? 4 : 3, binary, bp); /* ECI (Table 4) */
        if (eci <= 127) {
            bp = bin_append_posn(eci, 8, binary, bp); /* 000000 to 000127 */
        } else if (eci <= 16383) {
            bp = bin_append_posn(0x8000 + eci, 16, binary, bp); /* 000128 to 016383 */
        } else {
            bp = bin_append_posn(0xC00000 + eci, 24, binary, bp); /* 016384 to 999999 */
        }
    }

    modebits = qr_mode_bits(version);

    do {
        char data_block = mode[position];
        int short_data_block_length = 0;
        int double_byte = 0;
        do {
            if (data_block == 'B' && ddata[position + short_data_block_length] > 0xFF) {
                double_byte++;
            }
            short_data_block_length++;
        } while (((short_data_block_length + position) < length)
                && (mode[position + short_data_block_length] == data_block));

        /* Mode indicator */
        if (modebits) {
            bp = bin_append_posn(qr_mode_indicator(version, data_block), modebits, binary, bp);
        }

        switch (data_block) {
            case 'K':
                /* Kanji mode */

                /* Character count indicator */
                bp = bin_append_posn(short_data_block_length, qr_cci_bits(version, data_block), binary, bp);

                if (debug_print) {
                    printf("Kanji block (length %d)\n\t", short_data_block_length);
                }

                /* Character representation */
                for (i = 0; i < short_data_block_length; i++) {
                    unsigned int jis = ddata[position + i];
                    int prod;

                    if (jis >= 0x8140 && jis <= 0x9ffc)
                        jis -= 0x8140;

                    else if (jis >= 0xe040 && jis <= 0xebbf)
                        jis -= 0xc140;

                    prod = ((jis >> 8) * 0xc0) + (jis & 0xff);

                    bp = bin_append_posn(prod, 13, binary, bp);

                    if (debug_print) {
                        printf("0x%04X ", prod);
                    }
                }

                if (debug_print) {
                    printf("\n");
                }

                break;
            case 'B':
                /* Byte mode */

                /* Character count indicator */
                bp = bin_append_posn(short_data_block_length + double_byte, qr_cci_bits(version, data_block), binary,
                                    bp);

                if (debug_print) {
                    printf("Byte block (length %d)\n\t", short_data_block_length + double_byte);
                }

                /* Character representation */
                for (i = 0; i < short_data_block_length; i++) {
                    unsigned int byte = ddata[position + i];

                    if (gs1 && (byte == '[')) {
                        byte = 0x1d; /* FNC1 */
                    }

                    bp = bin_append_posn(byte, byte > 0xFF ? 16 : 8, binary, bp);

                    if (debug_print) {
                        printf("0x%02X(%d) ", byte, (int) byte);
                    }
                }

                if (debug_print) {
                    printf("\n");
                }

                break;
            case 'A':
                /* Alphanumeric mode */

                percent_count = 0;
                if (gs1) {
                    for (i = 0; i < short_data_block_length; i++) {
                        if (ddata[position + i] == '%') {
                            percent_count++;
                        }
                    }
                }

                /* Character count indicator */
                bp = bin_append_posn(short_data_block_length + percent_count, qr_cci_bits(version, data_block),
                                    binary, bp);

                if (debug_print) {
                    printf("Alpha block (length %d)\n\t", short_data_block_length + percent_count);
                }

                /* Character representation */
                i = 0;
                while (i < short_data_block_length) {
                    int count;
                    int first = 0, second = 0, prod;

                    if (percent == 0) {
                        if (gs1 && (ddata[position + i] == '%')) {
                            first = QR_PERCENT;
                            second = QR_PERCENT;
                            count = 2;
                            prod = (first * 45) + second;
                            i++;
                        } else {
                            if (gs1 && (ddata[position + i] == '[')) {
                                first = QR_PERCENT; /* FNC1 */
                            } else {
                                first = qr_alphanumeric[ddata[position + i] - 32];
                            }
                            count = 1;
                            i++;
                            prod = first;

                            if (i < short_data_block_length && mode[position + i] == 'A') {
                                if (gs1 && (ddata[position + i] == '%')) {
                                    second = QR_PERCENT;
                                    count = 2;
                                    prod = (first * 45) + second;
                                    percent = 1;
                                } else {
                                    if (gs1 && (ddata[position + i] == '[')) {
                                        second = QR_PERCENT; /* FNC1 */
                                    } else {
                                        second = qr_alphanumeric[ddata[position + i] - 32];
                                    }
                                    count = 2;
                                    i++;
                                    prod = (first * 45) + second;
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    } else {
                        first = QR_PERCENT;
                        count = 1;
                        i++;
                        prod = first;
                        percent = 0;

                        if (i < short_data_block_length && mode[position + i] == 'A') {
                            if (gs1 && (ddata[position + i] == '%')) {
                                second = QR_PERCENT;
                                count = 2;
                                prod = (first * 45) + second;
                                percent = 1;
                            } else {
                                if (gs1 && (ddata[position + i] == '[')) {
                                    second = QR_PERCENT; /* FNC1 */
                                } else {
                                    second = qr_alphanumeric[ddata[position + i] - 32];
                                }
                                count = 2;
                                i++;
                                prod = (first * 45) + second;
                            }
                        }
                    }

                    bp = bin_append_posn(prod, 1 + (5 * count), binary, bp);

                    if (debug_print) {
                        printf("0x%X ", prod);
                    }
                }

                if (debug_print) {
                    printf("\n");
                }

                break;
            case 'N':
                /* Numeric mode */

                /* Character count indicator */
                bp = bin_append_posn(short_data_block_length, qr_cci_bits(version, data_block), binary, bp);

                if (debug_print) {
                    printf("Number block (length %d)\n\t", short_data_block_length);
                }

                /* Character representation */
                i = 0;
                while (i < short_data_block_length) {
                    int count;
                    int first = 0, prod;

                    first = ctoi((const char) ddata[position + i]);
                    count = 1;
                    prod = first;

                    if (i + 1 < short_data_block_length && mode[position + i + 1] == 'N') {
                        int second = ctoi((const char) ddata[position + i + 1]);
                        count = 2;
                        prod = (prod * 10) + second;

                        if (i + 2 < short_data_block_length && mode[position + i + 2] == 'N') {
                            int third = ctoi((const char) ddata[position + i + 2]);
                            count = 3;
                            prod = (prod * 10) + third;
                        }
                    }

                    bp = bin_append_posn(prod, 1 + (3 * count), binary, bp);

                    if (debug_print) {
                        printf("0x%X(%d) ", prod, prod);
                    }

                    i += count;
                };

                if (debug_print) {
                    printf("\n");
                }

                break;
        }

        position += short_data_block_length;
    } while (position < length);

    return bp;
}

/* Call `qr_binary()` for each segment, dealing with Structured Append and GS1 beforehand and padding afterwards */
static int qr_binary_segs(unsigned char datastream[], const int version, const int target_codewords,
            const char mode[], const unsigned int ddata[], const struct zint_seg segs[], const int seg_count,
            const struct zint_structapp *p_structapp, const int gs1, const int est_binlen, const int debug_print) {
    int i, j;
    const unsigned int *dd = ddata;
    const char *m = mode;
    int bp = 0;
    int termbits, padbits;
    int current_bytes;
    int toggle;
#ifndef _MSC_VER
    char binary[est_binlen + 12];
#else
    char *binary = (char *) _alloca(est_binlen + 12);
#endif

    *binary = '\0';

    if (p_structapp) {
        bp = bin_append_posn(3, 4, binary, bp); /* Structured Append indicator */
        bp = bin_append_posn(p_structapp->index - 1, 4, binary, bp);
        bp = bin_append_posn(p_structapp->count - 1, 4, binary, bp);
        bp = bin_append_posn(to_int((const unsigned char *) p_structapp->id, (int) strlen(p_structapp->id)), 8,
                binary, bp); /* Parity */
    }

    if (gs1) { /* Not applicable to MICROQR */
        if (version < RMQR_VERSION) {
            bp = bin_append_posn(5, 4, binary, bp); /* FNC1 */
        } else {
            bp = bin_append_posn(5, 3, binary, bp);
        }
    }

    for (i = 0; i < seg_count; i++) {
        bp = qr_binary(binary, bp, version, m, dd, segs[i].length, gs1, segs[i].eci, debug_print);
        m += segs[i].length;
        dd += segs[i].length;
    }

    if (version >= MICROQR_VERSION && version < MICROQR_VERSION + 4) {
        /* MICROQR does its own terminating/padding */
        memcpy(datastream, binary, bp);
        return bp;
    }

    /* Terminator */
    termbits = 8 - bp % 8;
    if (termbits == 8) {
        termbits = 0;
    }
    current_bytes = (bp + termbits) / 8;
    if (termbits || current_bytes < target_codewords) {
        int max_termbits = qr_terminator_bits(version);
        termbits = termbits < max_termbits && current_bytes == target_codewords ? termbits : max_termbits;
        bp = bin_append_posn(0, termbits, binary, bp);
    }

    /* Padding bits */
    padbits = 8 - bp % 8;
    if (padbits == 8) {
        padbits = 0;
    }
    if (padbits) {
        current_bytes = (bp + padbits) / 8;
        (void) bin_append_posn(0, padbits, binary, bp); /* Last use so not setting bp */
    }

    if (debug_print) printf("Terminated binary (%d): %.*s (padbits %d)\n", bp, bp, binary, padbits);

    /* Put data into 8-bit codewords */
    for (i = 0; i < current_bytes; i++) {
        int p;
        j = i * 8;
        datastream[i] = 0x00;
        for (p = 0; p < 8; p++) {
            if (binary[j + p] == '1') {
                datastream[i] |= (0x80 >> p);
            }
        }
    }

    /* Add pad codewords */
    toggle = 0;
    for (i = current_bytes; i < target_codewords; i++) {
        if (toggle == 0) {
            datastream[i] = 0xec;
            toggle = 1;
        } else {
            datastream[i] = 0x11;
            toggle = 0;
        }
    }

    if (debug_print) {
        printf("Resulting codewords:\n\t");
        for (i = 0; i < target_codewords; i++) {
            printf("0x%02X ", datastream[i]);
        }
        printf("\n");
    }

    return 0; /* Not used */
}

/* Split data into blocks, add error correction and then interleave the blocks and error correction data */
static void qr_add_ecc(unsigned char fullstream[], const unsigned char datastream[], const int version,
            const int data_cw, const int blocks, const int debug_print) {
    int ecc_cw;
    int short_data_block_length;
    int qty_long_blocks;
    int qty_short_blocks;
    int ecc_block_length;
    int i, j, length_this_block, in_posn;
    rs_t rs;
#ifdef _MSC_VER
    unsigned char *data_block;
    unsigned char *ecc_block;
    unsigned char *interleaved_data;
    unsigned char *interleaved_ecc;
#endif

    if (version < RMQR_VERSION) {
        ecc_cw = qr_total_codewords[version - 1] - data_cw;
    } else {
        ecc_cw = rmqr_total_codewords[version - RMQR_VERSION] - data_cw;
    }

    /* Suppress some clang-tidy clang-analyzer-core.UndefinedBinaryOperatorResult/uninitialized.Assign warnings */
    assert(blocks > 0);
    short_data_block_length = data_cw / blocks;
    qty_long_blocks = data_cw % blocks;
    qty_short_blocks = blocks - qty_long_blocks;
    ecc_block_length = ecc_cw / blocks;

    /* Suppress some clang-tidy clang-analyzer-core.UndefinedBinaryOperatorResult/uninitialized.Assign warnings */
    assert(short_data_block_length > 0);
    assert(ecc_block_length * blocks == ecc_cw);

#ifndef _MSC_VER
    unsigned char data_block[short_data_block_length + 1];
    unsigned char ecc_block[ecc_block_length];
    unsigned char interleaved_data[data_cw];
    unsigned char interleaved_ecc[ecc_cw];
#else
    data_block = (unsigned char *) _alloca(short_data_block_length + 1);
    ecc_block = (unsigned char *) _alloca(ecc_block_length);
    interleaved_data = (unsigned char *) _alloca(data_cw);
    interleaved_ecc = (unsigned char *) _alloca(ecc_cw);
#endif

    rs_init_gf(&rs, 0x11d);
    rs_init_code(&rs, ecc_block_length, 0);

    in_posn = 0;

    for (i = 0; i < blocks; i++) {
        if (i < qty_short_blocks) {
            length_this_block = short_data_block_length;
        } else {
            length_this_block = short_data_block_length + 1;
        }

        for (j = 0; j < ecc_block_length; j++) {
            ecc_block[j] = 0;
        }

        for (j = 0; j < length_this_block; j++) {
            data_block[j] = datastream[in_posn + j]; // NOLINT false-positive popped up with clang-tidy 14.0.1
        }

        rs_encode(&rs, length_this_block, data_block, ecc_block);

        if (debug_print) {
            printf("Block %d: ", i + 1);
            for (j = 0; j < length_this_block; j++) {
                printf("%2X ", data_block[j]);
            }
            if (i < qty_short_blocks) {
                printf("   ");
            }
            printf(" // ");
            for (j = 0; j < ecc_block_length; j++) {
                printf("%2X ", ecc_block[ecc_block_length - j - 1]);
            }
            printf("\n");
        }

        for (j = 0; j < short_data_block_length; j++) {
            interleaved_data[(j * blocks) + i] = data_block[j];
        }

        if (i >= qty_short_blocks) {
            interleaved_data[(short_data_block_length * blocks) + (i - qty_short_blocks)]
                            = data_block[short_data_block_length];
        }

        for (j = 0; j < ecc_block_length; j++) {
            interleaved_ecc[(j * blocks) + i] = ecc_block[ecc_block_length - j - 1];
        }

        in_posn += length_this_block;
    }

    for (j = 0; j < data_cw; j++) {
        fullstream[j] = interleaved_data[j];
    }
    for (j = 0; j < ecc_cw; j++) {
        fullstream[j + data_cw] = interleaved_ecc[j];
    }

    if (debug_print) {
        printf("\nData Stream: \n");
        for (j = 0; j < (data_cw + ecc_cw); j++) {
            printf("%2X ", fullstream[j]);
        }
        printf("\n");
    }
}

static void qr_place_finder(unsigned char grid[], const int size, const int x, const int y) {
    int xp, yp;
    char finder[] = {0x7F, 0x41, 0x5D, 0x5D, 0x5D, 0x41, 0x7F};

    for (xp = 0; xp < 7; xp++) {
        for (yp = 0; yp < 7; yp++) {
            if (finder[yp] & 0x40 >> xp) {
                grid[((yp + y) * size) + (xp + x)] = 0x11;
            } else {
                grid[((yp + y) * size) + (xp + x)] = 0x10;
            }
        }
    }
}

static void qr_place_align(unsigned char grid[], const int size, int x, int y) {
    int xp, yp;
    char alignment[] = {0x1F, 0x11, 0x15, 0x11, 0x1F};

    x -= 2;
    y -= 2; /* Input values represent centre of pattern */

    for (xp = 0; xp < 5; xp++) {
        for (yp = 0; yp < 5; yp++) {
            if (alignment[yp] & 0x10 >> xp) {
                grid[((yp + y) * size) + (xp + x)] = 0x11;
            } else {
                grid[((yp + y) * size) + (xp + x)] = 0x10;
            }
        }
    }
}

static void qr_setup_grid(unsigned char *grid, const int size, const int version) {
    int i, toggle = 1;

    /* Add timing patterns */
    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
        if (toggle == 1) {
            grid[(6 * size) + i] = 0x21;
            grid[(i * size) + 6] = 0x21;
            toggle = 0;
        } else {
            grid[(6 * size) + i] = 0x20;
            grid[(i * size) + 6] = 0x20;
            toggle = 1;
        }
    }

    /* Add finder patterns */
    qr_place_finder(grid, size, 0, 0);
    qr_place_finder(grid, size, 0, size - 7);
    qr_place_finder(grid, size, size - 7, 0);

    /* Add separators */
    for (i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
        grid[(7 * size) + i] = 0x10;
        grid[(i * size) + 7] = 0x10;
        grid[(7 * size) + (size - 1 - i)] = 0x10;
        grid[(i * size) + (size - 8)] = 0x10;
        grid[((size - 8) * size) + i] = 0x10;
        grid[((size - 1 - i) * size) + 7] = 0x10;
    }
    grid[(7 * size) + 7] = 0x10;
    grid[(7 * size) + (size - 8)] = 0x10;
    grid[((size - 8) * size) + 7] = 0x10;

    /* Add alignment patterns */
    if (version != 1) {
        /* Version 1 does not have alignment patterns */

        int loopsize = qr_align_loopsize[version - 1];
        int x, y;
        for (x = 0; x < loopsize; x++) {
            for (y = 0; y < loopsize; y++) {
                int xcoord = qr_table_e1[((version - 2) * 7) + x];
                int ycoord = qr_table_e1[((version - 2) * 7) + y];

                if (!(grid[(ycoord * size) + xcoord] & 0x10)) {
                    qr_place_align(grid, size, xcoord, ycoord);
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /* Reserve space for format information */
    for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
        grid[(8 * size) + i] |= 0x20;
        grid[(i * size) + 8] |= 0x20;
        grid[(8 * size) + (size - 1 - i)] = 0x20;
        grid[((size - 1 - i) * size) + 8] = 0x20;
    }
    grid[(8 * size) + 8] |= 0x20;
    grid[((size - 1 - 7) * size) + 8] = 0x21; /* Dark Module from Figure 25 */

    /* Reserve space for version information */
    if (version >= 7) {
        for (i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
            grid[((size - 9) * size) + i] = 0x20;
            grid[((size - 10) * size) + i] = 0x20;
            grid[((size - 11) * size) + i] = 0x20;
            grid[(i * size) + (size - 9)] = 0x20;
            grid[(i * size) + (size - 10)] = 0x20;
            grid[(i * size) + (size - 11)] = 0x20;
        }
    }
}

static int qr_cwbit(const unsigned char *fullstream, const int i) {

    if (fullstream[(i >> 3)] & (0x80 >> (i & 0x07))) {
        return 1;
    }

    return 0;
}

static void qr_populate_grid(unsigned char *grid, const int h_size, const int v_size, const unsigned char *fullstream,
            const int cw) {
    const int not_rmqr = v_size == h_size;
    const int x_start = h_size - (not_rmqr ? 2 : 3); /* For rMQR allow for righthand vertical timing pattern */
    int direction = 1; /* up */
    int row = 0; /* right hand side */

    int i, n, y;

    n = cw * 8;
    y = v_size - 1;
    i = 0;
    while (i < n) {
        int x = x_start - (row * 2);
        int r = y * h_size;

        if ((x < 6) && (not_rmqr))
            x--; /* skip over vertical timing pattern */

        if (!(grid[r + (x + 1)] & 0xf0)) {
            grid[r + (x + 1)] = qr_cwbit(fullstream, i);
            i++;
        }

        if (i < n) {
            if (!(grid[r + x] & 0xf0)) {
                grid[r + x] = qr_cwbit(fullstream, i);
                i++;
            }
        }

        if (direction) {
            y--;
            if (y == -1) {
                /* reached the top */
                row++;
                y = 0;
                direction = 0;
            }
        } else {
            y++;
            if (y == v_size) {
                /* reached the bottom */
                row++;
                y = v_size - 1;
                direction = 1;
            }
        }
    }
}

#ifdef ZINTLOG

static int append_log(char log) {
    FILE *file;

    file = fopen("zintlog.txt", "a+");
    fprintf(file, "%c", log);
    fclose(file);
    return 0;
}

static int write_log(char log[]) {
    FILE *file;

    file = fopen("zintlog.txt", "a+");
    fprintf(file, log); /*writes*/
    fprintf(file, "\r\n"); /*writes*/
    fclose(file);
    return 0;
}
#endif

static int qr_evaluate(unsigned char *local, const int size) {
    static const unsigned char h1011101[7] = { 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 1 };

    int x, y, r, k, block;
    int result = 0;
    char state;
    int dark_mods;
    double percentage;
    int a, b, afterCount, beforeCount;
#ifdef ZINTLOG
    int result_b = 0;
    char str[15];
#endif

    /* Suppresses clang-tidy clang-analyzer-core.UndefinedBinaryOperatorResult warnings */
    assert(size > 0);

#ifdef ZINTLOG
    //bitmask output
    for (y = 0; y < size; y++) {
        strcpy(str, "");
        for (x = 0; x < size; x++) {
            state = local[(y * size) + x];
            append_log(state);
        }
        write_log("");
    }
    write_log("");
#endif

    /* Test 1: Adjacent modules in row/column in same colour */
    /* Vertical */
    for (x = 0; x < size; x++) {
        block = 0;
        state = 0;
        for (y = 0; y < size; y++) {
            if (local[(y * size) + x] == state) {
                block++;
            } else {
                if (block >= 5) {
                    result += block - 2;
                }
                block = 1;
                state = local[(y * size) + x];
            }
        }
        if (block >= 5) {
            result += block - 2;
        }
    }

    /* Horizontal */
    dark_mods = 0; /* Count dark mods simultaneously (see Test 4 below) */
    for (y = 0; y < size; y++) {
        r = y * size;
        block = 0;
        state = 0;
        for (x = 0; x < size; x++) {
            if (local[r + x] == state) {
                block++;
            } else {
                if (block >= 5) {
                    result += block - 2;
                }
                block = 1;
                state = local[r + x];
            }
            if (state) {
                dark_mods++;
            }
        }
        if (block >= 5) {
            result += block - 2;
        }
    }

#ifdef ZINTLOG
    /* output Test 1 */
    sprintf(str, "%d", result);
    result_b = result;
    write_log(str);
#endif

    /* Test 2: Block of modules in same color */
    for (x = 0; x < size - 1; x++) {
        for (y = 0; y < size - 1; y++) {
            k = local[(y * size) + x];
            if (((k == local[((y + 1) * size) + x]) &&
                    (k == local[(y * size) + (x + 1)])) &&
                    (k == local[((y + 1) * size) + (x + 1)])) {
                result += 3;
            }
        }
    }

#ifdef ZINTLOG
    /* output Test 2 */
    sprintf(str, "%d", result - result_b);
    result_b = result;
    write_log(str);
#endif

    /* Test 3: 1:1:3:1:1 ratio pattern in row/column */
    /* Vertical */
    for (x = 0; x < size; x++) {
        for (y = 0; y <= (size - 7); y++) {
            if (local[y * size + x] && !local[(y + 1) * size + x] && local[(y + 2) * size + x] &&
                    local[(y + 3) * size + x] && local[(y + 4) * size + x] &&
                    !local[(y + 5) * size + x] && local[(y + 6) * size + x]) {
                /* Pattern found, check before and after */
                beforeCount = 0;
                for (b = (y - 1); b >= (y - 4); b--) {
                    if (b < 0) { /* Count < edge as whitespace */
                        beforeCount = 4;
                        break;
                    }
                    if (local[(b * size) + x]) {
                        break;
                    }
                    beforeCount++;
                }
                if (beforeCount == 4) {
                    /* Pattern is preceded by light area 4 modules wide */
                    result += 40;
                } else {
                    afterCount = 0;
                    for (a = (y + 7); a <= (y + 10); a++) {
                        if (a >= size) { /* Count > edge as whitespace */
                            afterCount = 4;
                            break;
                        }
                        if (local[(a * size) + x]) {
                            break;
                        }
                        afterCount++;
                    }
                    if (afterCount == 4) {
                        /* Pattern is followed by light area 4 modules wide */
                        result += 40;
                    }
                }
                y += 3; /* Skip to next possible match */
            }
        }
    }

    /* Horizontal */
    for (y = 0; y < size; y++) {
        r = y * size;
        for (x = 0; x <= (size - 7); x++) {
            if (memcmp(local + r + x, h1011101, 7) == 0) {
                /* Pattern found, check before and after */
                beforeCount = 0;
                for (b = (x - 1); b >= (x - 4); b--) {
                    if (b < 0) { /* Count < edge as whitespace */
                        beforeCount = 4;
                        break;
                    }
                    if (local[r + b]) {
                        break;
                    }
                    beforeCount++;
                }

                if (beforeCount == 4) {
                    /* Pattern is preceded by light area 4 modules wide */
                    result += 40;
                } else {
                    afterCount = 0;
                    for (a = (x + 7); a <= (x + 10); a++) {
                        if (a >= size) { /* Count > edge as whitespace */
                            afterCount = 4;
                            break;
                        }
                        if (local[r + a]) {
                            break;
                        }
                        afterCount++;
                    }
                    if (afterCount == 4) {
                        /* Pattern is followed by light area 4 modules wide */
                        result += 40;
                    }
                }
                x += 3; /* Skip to next possible match */
            }
        }
    }

#ifdef ZINTLOG
    /* output Test 3 */
    sprintf(str, "%d", result - result_b);
    result_b = result;
    write_log(str);
#endif

    /* Test 4: Proportion of dark modules in entire symbol */
    percentage = (100.0 * dark_mods) / (size * size);
    k = (int) (fabs(percentage - 50.0) / 5.0);

    result += 10 * k;

#ifdef ZINTLOG
    /* output Test 4+summary */
    sprintf(str, "%d", result - result_b);
    write_log(str);
    write_log("==========");
    sprintf(str, "%d", result);
    write_log(str);
#endif

    return result;
}

/* Add format information to grid */
static void qr_add_format_info(unsigned char *grid, const int size, const int ecc_level, const int pattern) {
    int format = pattern;
    unsigned int seq;
    int i;

    switch (ecc_level) {
        case QR_LEVEL_L: format |= 0x08;
            break;
        case QR_LEVEL_Q: format |= 0x18;
            break;
        case QR_LEVEL_H: format |= 0x10;
            break;
    }

    seq = qr_annex_c[format];

    for (i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
        grid[(i * size) + 8] |= (seq >> i) & 0x01;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
        grid[(8 * size) + (size - i - 1)] |= (seq >> i) & 0x01;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
        grid[(8 * size) + (5 - i)] |= (seq >> (i + 9)) & 0x01;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
        grid[(((size - 7) + i) * size) + 8] |= (seq >> (i + 8)) & 0x01;
    }

    grid[(7 * size) + 8] |= (seq >> 6) & 0x01;
    grid[(8 * size) + 8] |= (seq >> 7) & 0x01;
    grid[(8 * size) + 7] |= (seq >> 8) & 0x01;
}

static int qr_apply_bitmask(unsigned char *grid, const int size, const int ecc_level, const int user_mask,
            const int debug_print) {
    int x, y;
    int r, k;
    int bit;
    int pattern, penalty[8];
    int best_pattern;
    int size_squared = size * size;

#ifndef _MSC_VER
    unsigned char mask[size_squared];
    unsigned char local[size_squared];
#else
    unsigned char *mask = (unsigned char *) _alloca(size_squared);
    unsigned char *local = (unsigned char *) _alloca(size_squared);
#endif

    /* Perform data masking */
    memset(mask, 0, size_squared);
    for (y = 0; y < size; y++) {
        r = y * size;
        for (x = 0; x < size; x++) {

            // all eight bitmask variants are encoded in the 8 bits of the bytes that make up the mask array.
            if (!(grid[r + x] & 0xf0)) { // exclude areas not to be masked.
                if (((y + x) & 1) == 0) {
                    mask[r + x] |= 0x01;
                }
                if ((y & 1) == 0) {
                    mask[r + x] |= 0x02;
                }
                if ((x % 3) == 0) {
                    mask[r + x] |= 0x04;
                }
                if (((y + x) % 3) == 0) {
                    mask[r + x] |= 0x08;
                }
                if ((((y / 2) + (x / 3)) & 1) == 0) {
                    mask[r + x] |= 0x10;
                }
                if ((y * x) % 6 == 0) { /* Equivalent to (y * x) % 2 + (y * x) % 3 == 0 */
                    mask[r + x] |= 0x20;
                }
                if (((((y * x) & 1) + ((y * x) % 3)) & 1) == 0) {
                    mask[r + x] |= 0x40;
                }
                if (((((y + x) & 1) + ((y * x) % 3)) & 1) == 0) {
                    mask[r + x] |= 0x80;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    if (user_mask) {
        best_pattern = user_mask - 1;
    } else {
        /* all eight bitmask variants have been encoded in the 8 bits of the bytes
         * that make up the mask array. select them for evaluation according to the
         * desired pattern.*/
        best_pattern = 0;
        for (pattern = 0; pattern < 8; pattern++) {

            bit = 1 << pattern;
            for (k = 0; k < size_squared; k++) {
                if (mask[k] & bit) {
                    local[k] = grid[k] ^ 0x01;
                } else {
                    local[k] = grid[k] & 0x0f;
                }
            }
            qr_add_format_info(local, size, ecc_level, pattern);

            penalty[pattern] = qr_evaluate(local, size);

            if (penalty[pattern] < penalty[best_pattern]) {
                best_pattern = pattern;
            }
        }
    }

    if (debug_print) {
        printf("Mask: %d (%s)", best_pattern, user_mask ? "specified" : "automatic");
        if (!user_mask) {
            for (pattern = 0; pattern < 8; pattern++) printf(" %d:%d", pattern, penalty[pattern]);
        }
        printf("\n");
    }

#ifdef ZINTLOG
    char str[15];
    sprintf(str, "%d", best_val);
    write_log("choosed pattern:");
    write_log(str);
#endif

    /* Apply mask */
    if (!user_mask && best_pattern == 7) { /* Reuse last */
        memcpy(grid, local, size_squared);
    } else {
        bit = 1 << best_pattern;
        for (y = 0; y < size_squared; y++) {
            if (mask[y] & bit) {
                grid[y] ^= 0x01;
            }
        }
    }

    return best_pattern;
}

/* Add version information */
static void qr_add_version_info(unsigned char *grid, const int size, const int version) {
    int i;

    long int version_data = qr_annex_d[version - 7];
    for (i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
        grid[((size - 11) * size) + i] += (version_data >> (i * 3)) & 0x41;
        grid[((size - 10) * size) + i] += (version_data >> ((i * 3) + 1)) & 0x41;
        grid[((size - 9) * size) + i] += (version_data >> ((i * 3) + 2)) & 0x41;
        grid[(i * size) + (size - 11)] += (version_data >> (i * 3)) & 0x41;
        grid[(i * size) + (size - 10)] += (version_data >> ((i * 3) + 1)) & 0x41;
        grid[(i * size) + (size - 9)] += (version_data >> ((i * 3) + 2)) & 0x41;
    }
}

/* Find the length of the block starting from 'start' */
static int qr_blockLength(const int start, const char mode[], const int length) {
    int i;
    int count = 0;
    char start_mode = mode[start];

    i = start;

    do {
        count++;
    } while (((i + count) < length) && (mode[i + count] == start_mode));

    return count;
}

/* Calculate the actual bitlength of the proposed binary string */
static int qr_calc_binlen(const int version, char mode[], const unsigned int ddata[], const int length, const int gs1,
            const int eci, const int debug_print) {
    int i, j;
    char currentMode;
    int count = 0;
    int alphalength;
    int blocklength;

    qr_define_mode(mode, ddata, length, gs1, version, debug_print);

    currentMode = ' '; // Null

    if (eci != 0) { // RMQR and MICROQR do not support ECI
        count += 4;
        if (eci <= 127) {
            count += 8;
        } else if (eci <= 16383) {
            count += 16;
        } else {
            count += 24;
        }
    }

    for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
        if (mode[i] != currentMode) {
            count += qr_mode_bits(version) + qr_cci_bits(version, mode[i]);
            blocklength = qr_blockLength(i, mode, length);
            switch (mode[i]) {
                case 'K':
                    count += (blocklength * 13);
                    break;
                case 'B':
                    for (j = i; j < (i + blocklength); j++) {
                        if (ddata[j] > 0xff) {
                            count += 16;
                        } else {
                            count += 8;
                        }
                    }
                    break;
                case 'A':
                    alphalength = blocklength;
                    if (gs1) {
                        // In alphanumeric mode % becomes %%
                        for (j = i; j < (i + blocklength); j++) {
                            if (ddata[j] == '%') {
                                alphalength++;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    switch (alphalength % 2) {
                        case 0:
                            count += (alphalength / 2) * 11;
                            break;
                        case 1:
                            count += ((alphalength - 1) / 2) * 11;
                            count += 6;
                            break;
                    }
                    break;
                case 'N':
                    switch (blocklength % 3) {
                        case 0:
                            count += (blocklength / 3) * 10;
                            break;
                        case 1:
                            count += ((blocklength - 1) / 3) * 10;
                            count += 4;
                            break;
                        case 2:
                            count += ((blocklength - 2) / 3) * 10;
                            count += 7;
                            break;
                    }
                    break;
            }
            currentMode = mode[i];
        }
    }

    return count;
}

/* Call `qr_calc_binlen()` on each segment */
static int qr_calc_binlen_segs(const int version, char mode[], const unsigned int ddata[],
            const struct zint_seg segs[], const int seg_count, const struct zint_structapp *p_structapp,
            const int gs1, const int debug_print) {
    int i;
    int count = 0;
    const unsigned int *dd = ddata;
    char *m = mode;

    if (p_structapp) {
        count += 4 + 8 + 8;
    }

    if (gs1 == 1) { /* Not applicable to MICROQR */
        if (version < RMQR_VERSION) {
            count += 4;
        } else {
            count += 3;
        }
    }

    for (i = 0; i < seg_count; i++) {
        count += qr_calc_binlen(version, m, dd, segs[i].length, gs1, segs[i].eci, debug_print);
        m += segs[i].length;
        dd += segs[i].length;
    }

    if (debug_print) {
        printf("Estimated Binary Length: %d (version %d, gs1 %d)\n", count, version, gs1);
    }

    return count;
}

/* Helper to process source data into `ddata` array */
static int qr_prep_data(struct zint_symbol *symbol, struct zint_seg segs[], const int seg_count,
            unsigned int ddata[]) {
    int warn_number = 0;
    int i;
    /* If ZINT_FULL_MULTIBYTE use Kanji mode in DATA_MODE or for non-Shift JIS in UNICODE_MODE */
    const int full_multibyte = (symbol->option_3 & 0xFF) == ZINT_FULL_MULTIBYTE;

    if ((symbol->input_mode & 0x07) == DATA_MODE) {
        sjis_cpy_segs(segs, seg_count, ddata, full_multibyte);
    } else {
        unsigned int *dd = ddata;
        for (i = 0; i < seg_count; i++) {
            int done = 0;
            if (segs[i].eci != 20 || seg_count > 1) { /* Unless ECI 20 (Shift JIS) or have multiple segments */
                /* Try other encodings (ECI 0 defaults to ISO/IEC 8859-1) */
                int error_number = sjis_utf8_to_eci(segs[i].eci, segs[i].source, &segs[i].length, dd, full_multibyte);
                if (error_number == 0) {
                    done = 1;
                } else if (segs[i].eci || seg_count > 1) {
                    sprintf(symbol->errtxt, "575: Invalid character in input data for ECI %d", segs[i].eci);
                    return error_number;
                }
            }
            if (!done) {
                /* Try Shift-JIS */
                int error_number = sjis_utf8(symbol, segs[i].source, &segs[i].length, dd);
                if (error_number != 0) {
                    return error_number;
                }
                if (segs[i].eci != 20) {
                    strcpy(symbol->errtxt, "543: Converted to Shift JIS but no ECI specified");
                    warn_number = ZINT_WARN_NONCOMPLIANT;
                }
            }
            dd += segs[i].length;
        }
    }

    return warn_number;
}

INTERNAL int qrcode(struct zint_symbol *symbol, struct zint_seg segs[], const int seg_count) {
    int warn_number;
    int i, j, est_binlen, prev_est_binlen;
    int ecc_level, autosize, version, max_cw, target_codewords, blocks, size;
    int bitmask, gs1;
    int user_mask;
    int canShrink;
    int size_squared;
    const struct zint_structapp *p_structapp = NULL;
    const int debug_print = symbol->debug & ZINT_DEBUG_PRINT;
    const int eci_length_segs = get_eci_length_segs(segs, seg_count);

#ifndef _MSC_VER
    struct zint_seg local_segs[seg_count];
    unsigned int ddata[eci_length_segs];
    char mode[eci_length_segs];
    char prev_mode[eci_length_segs];
#else
    struct zint_seg *local_segs = (struct zint_seg *) _alloca(sizeof(struct zint_seg) * seg_count);
    unsigned int *ddata = (unsigned int *) _alloca(sizeof(unsigned int) * eci_length_segs);
    char *mode = (char *) _alloca(eci_length_segs);
    char *prev_mode = (char *) _alloca(eci_length_segs);
    unsigned char *datastream;
    unsigned char *fullstream;
    unsigned char *grid;
#endif

    gs1 = ((symbol->input_mode & 0x07) == GS1_MODE);

    user_mask = (symbol->option_3 >> 8) & 0x0F; /* User mask is pattern + 1, so >= 1 and <= 8 */
    if (user_mask > 8) {
        user_mask = 0; /* Ignore */
    }

    segs_cpy(segs, seg_count, local_segs); /* Shallow copy (needed to set default ECIs & protect lengths) */

    warn_number = qr_prep_data(symbol, local_segs, seg_count, ddata);
    if (warn_number >= ZINT_ERROR) {
        return warn_number;
    }

    if (symbol->structapp.count) {
        if (symbol->structapp.count < 2 || symbol->structapp.count > 16) {
            strcpy(symbol->errtxt, "750: Structured Append count out of range (2-16)");
            return ZINT_ERROR_INVALID_OPTION;
        }
        if (symbol->structapp.index < 1 || symbol->structapp.index > symbol->structapp.count) {
            sprintf(symbol->errtxt, "751: Structured Append index out of range (1-%d)", symbol->structapp.count);
            return ZINT_ERROR_INVALID_OPTION;
        }
        if (symbol->structapp.id[0]) {
            int id, id_len;

            for (id_len = 0; id_len < 32 && symbol->structapp.id[id_len]; id_len++);

            if (id_len > 3) { /* 255 */
                strcpy(symbol->errtxt, "752: Structured Append ID too long (3 digit maximum)");
                return ZINT_ERROR_INVALID_OPTION;
            }

            id = to_int((const unsigned char *) symbol->structapp.id, id_len);
            if (id == -1) {
                strcpy(symbol->errtxt, "753: Invalid Structured Append ID (digits only)");
                return ZINT_ERROR_INVALID_OPTION;
            }
            if (id > 255) {
                sprintf(symbol->errtxt, "754: Structured Append ID '%d' out of range (0-255)", id);
                return ZINT_ERROR_INVALID_OPTION;
            }
        }
        p_structapp = &symbol->structapp;
    }

    est_binlen = qr_calc_binlen_segs(40, mode, ddata, local_segs, seg_count, p_structapp, gs1, debug_print);

    ecc_level = QR_LEVEL_L;
    max_cw = 2956;
    if ((symbol->option_1 >= 1) && (symbol->option_1 <= 4)) {
        switch (symbol->option_1) {
            case 1:
                break;
            case 2: ecc_level = QR_LEVEL_M;
                max_cw = 2334;
                break;
            case 3: ecc_level = QR_LEVEL_Q;
                max_cw = 1666;
                break;
            case 4: ecc_level = QR_LEVEL_H;
                max_cw = 1276;
                break;
        }
    }

    if (est_binlen > (8 * max_cw)) {
        strcpy(symbol->errtxt, "561: Input too long for selected error correction level");
        return ZINT_ERROR_TOO_LONG;
    }

    autosize = 40;
    for (i = 39; i >= 0; i--) {
        switch (ecc_level) {
            case QR_LEVEL_L:
                if ((8 * qr_data_codewords_L[i]) >= est_binlen) {
                    autosize = i + 1;
                }
                break;
            case QR_LEVEL_M:
                if ((8 * qr_data_codewords_M[i]) >= est_binlen) {
                    autosize = i + 1;
                }
                break;
            case QR_LEVEL_Q:
                if ((8 * qr_data_codewords_Q[i]) >= est_binlen) {
                    autosize = i + 1;
                }
                break;
            case QR_LEVEL_H:
                if ((8 * qr_data_codewords_H[i]) >= est_binlen) {
                    autosize = i + 1;
                }
                break;
        }
    }
    if (autosize != 40) {
        est_binlen = qr_calc_binlen_segs(autosize, mode, ddata, local_segs, seg_count, p_structapp, gs1, debug_print);
    }

    // Now see if the optimised binary will fit in a smaller symbol.
    canShrink = 1;

    do {
        if (autosize == 1) {
            canShrink = 0;
        } else {
            prev_est_binlen = est_binlen;
            memcpy(prev_mode, mode, eci_length_segs);
            est_binlen = qr_calc_binlen_segs(autosize - 1, mode, ddata, local_segs, seg_count, p_structapp, gs1,
                            debug_print);

            switch (ecc_level) {
                case QR_LEVEL_L:
                    if ((8 * qr_data_codewords_L[autosize - 2]) < est_binlen) {
                        canShrink = 0;
                    }
                    break;
                case QR_LEVEL_M:
                    if ((8 * qr_data_codewords_M[autosize - 2]) < est_binlen) {
                        canShrink = 0;
                    }
                    break;
                case QR_LEVEL_Q:
                    if ((8 * qr_data_codewords_Q[autosize - 2]) < est_binlen) {
                        canShrink = 0;
                    }
                    break;
                case QR_LEVEL_H:
                    if ((8 * qr_data_codewords_H[autosize - 2]) < est_binlen) {
                        canShrink = 0;
                    }
                    break;
            }

            if (canShrink == 1) {
                // Optimisation worked - data will fit in a smaller symbol
                autosize--;
            } else {
                // Data did not fit in the smaller symbol, revert to original size
                est_binlen = prev_est_binlen;
                memcpy(mode, prev_mode, eci_length_segs);
            }
        }
    } while (canShrink == 1);

    version = autosize;

    if ((symbol->option_2 >= 1) && (symbol->option_2 <= 40)) {
        /* If the user has selected a larger symbol than the smallest available,
         then use the size the user has selected, and re-optimise for this
         symbol size.
         */
        if (symbol->option_2 > version) {
            version = symbol->option_2;
            est_binlen = qr_calc_binlen_segs(symbol->option_2, mode, ddata, local_segs, seg_count, p_structapp, gs1,
                            debug_print);
        }

        if (symbol->option_2 < version) {
            strcpy(symbol->errtxt, "569: Input too long for selected symbol size");
            return ZINT_ERROR_TOO_LONG;
        }
    }

    /* Ensure maxium error correction capacity unless user-specified */
    if (symbol->option_1 == -1 || symbol->option_1 != ecc_level) {
        if (est_binlen <= qr_data_codewords_M[version - 1] * 8) {
            ecc_level = QR_LEVEL_M;
        }
        if (est_binlen <= qr_data_codewords_Q[version - 1] * 8) {
            ecc_level = QR_LEVEL_Q;
        }
        if (est_binlen <= qr_data_codewords_H[version - 1] * 8) {
            ecc_level = QR_LEVEL_H;
        }
    }

    target_codewords = qr_data_codewords_L[version - 1];
    blocks = qr_blocks_L[version - 1];
    switch (ecc_level) {
        case QR_LEVEL_M: target_codewords = qr_data_codewords_M[version - 1];
            blocks = qr_blocks_M[version - 1];
            break;
        case QR_LEVEL_Q: target_codewords = qr_data_codewords_Q[version - 1];
            blocks = qr_blocks_Q[version - 1];
            break;
        case QR_LEVEL_H: target_codewords = qr_data_codewords_H[version - 1];
            blocks = qr_blocks_H[version - 1];
            break;
    }

    if (debug_print) {
        printf("Minimum codewords: %d\n", (est_binlen + 7) / 8);
        printf("Selected version: %d-%c (%dx%d)\n",
                version, qr_ecc_level_names[ecc_level - 1], qr_sizes[version - 1], qr_sizes[version - 1]);
        printf("Number of data codewords in symbol: %d\n", target_codewords);
        printf("Number of ECC blocks: %d\n", blocks);
    }

#ifndef _MSC_VER
    unsigned char datastream[target_codewords + 1];
    unsigned char fullstream[qr_total_codewords[version - 1] + 1];
#else
    datastream = (unsigned char *) _alloca(target_codewords + 1);
    fullstream = (unsigned char *) _alloca(qr_total_codewords[version - 1] + 1);
#endif

    (void) qr_binary_segs(datastream, version, target_codewords, mode, ddata, local_segs, seg_count, p_structapp, gs1,
                    est_binlen, debug_print);
#ifdef ZINT_TEST
    if (symbol->debug & ZINT_DEBUG_TEST) debug_test_codeword_dump(symbol, datastream, target_codewords);
#endif
    qr_add_ecc(fullstream, datastream, version, target_codewords, blocks, debug_print);

    size = qr_sizes[version - 1];
    size_squared = size * size;
#ifndef _MSC_VER
    unsigned char grid[size_squared];
#else
    grid = (unsigned char *) _alloca(size_squared);
#endif

    memset(grid, 0, size_squared);

    qr_setup_grid(grid, size, version);
    qr_populate_grid(grid, size, size, fullstream, qr_total_codewords[version - 1]);

    if (version >= 7) {
        qr_add_version_info(grid, size, version);
    }

    bitmask = qr_apply_bitmask(grid, size, ecc_level, user_mask, debug_print);

    qr_add_format_info(grid, size, ecc_level, bitmask);

    symbol->width = size;
    symbol->rows = size;

    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
        int r = i * size;
        for (j = 0; j < size; j++) {
            if (grid[r + j] & 0x01) {
                set_module(symbol, i, j);
            }
        }
        symbol->row_height[i] = 1;
    }
    symbol->height = size;

    return warn_number;
}

static int micro_qr_m1(struct zint_symbol *symbol, char binary_data[], int bp) {
    int i, j, latch;
    int bits_total, bits_left;
    int data_codewords, ecc_codewords;
    unsigned char data_blocks[4], ecc_blocks[3];
    rs_t rs;

    bits_total = 20;
    latch = 0;

    /* Add terminator */
    bits_left = bits_total - bp;
    if (bits_left <= 3) {
        if (bits_left) {
            bp = bin_append_posn(0, bits_left, binary_data, bp);
        }
        latch = 1;
    } else {
        bp = bin_append_posn(0, 3, binary_data, bp);
    }

    if (symbol->debug & ZINT_DEBUG_PRINT) {
        printf("M1 Terminated binary (%d): %.*s (bits_left %d)\n", bp, bp, binary_data, bits_left);
    }

    if (latch == 0) {
        /* Manage last (4-bit) block */
        bits_left = bits_total - bp;
        if (bits_left <= 4) {
            if (bits_left) {
                bp = bin_append_posn(0, bits_left, binary_data, bp);
            }
            latch = 1;
        }
    }

    if (latch == 0) {
        /* Complete current byte */
        int remainder = 8 - (bp % 8);
        if (remainder != 8) {
            bp = bin_append_posn(0, remainder, binary_data, bp);
        }

        /* Add padding */
        bits_left = bits_total - bp;
        if (bits_left > 4) {
            remainder = (bits_left - 4) / 8;
            for (i = 0; i < remainder; i++) {
                bp = bin_append_posn(i & 1 ? 0x11 : 0xEC, 8, binary_data, bp);
            }
        }
        bp = bin_append_posn(0, 4, binary_data, bp);
    }

    data_codewords = 3;
    ecc_codewords = 2;

    /* Copy data into codewords */
    for (i = 0; i < (data_codewords - 1); i++) {
        data_blocks[i] = 0;
        for (j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
            if (binary_data[(i * 8) + j] == '1') {
                data_blocks[i] |= 0x80 >> j;
            }
        }
    }
    data_blocks[2] = 0;
    for (j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
        if (binary_data[16 + j] == '1') {
            data_blocks[2] |= 0x80 >> j;
        }
    }
#ifdef ZINT_TEST
    if (symbol->debug & ZINT_DEBUG_TEST) debug_test_codeword_dump(symbol, data_blocks, data_codewords);
#endif

    /* Calculate Reed-Solomon error codewords */
    rs_init_gf(&rs, 0x11d);
    rs_init_code(&rs, ecc_codewords, 0);
    rs_encode(&rs, data_codewords, data_blocks, ecc_blocks);

    /* Add Reed-Solomon codewords to binary data */
    for (i = 0; i < ecc_codewords; i++) {
        bp = bin_append_posn(ecc_blocks[ecc_codewords - i - 1], 8, binary_data, bp);
    }

    return bp;
}

static int micro_qr_m2(struct zint_symbol *symbol, char binary_data[], int bp, const int ecc_mode) {
    int i, j, latch;
    int bits_total = 0, bits_left;
    int data_codewords = 0, ecc_codewords = 0;
    unsigned char data_blocks[6], ecc_blocks[7];
    rs_t rs;

    latch = 0;

    if (ecc_mode == QR_LEVEL_L) {
        bits_total = 40;
    }
    else if (ecc_mode == QR_LEVEL_M) {
        bits_total = 32;
    }
    else assert(0);

    /* Add terminator */
    bits_left = bits_total - bp;
    if (bits_left <= 5) {
        if (bits_left) {
            bp = bin_append_posn(0, bits_left, binary_data, bp);
        }
        latch = 1;
    } else {
        bp = bin_append_posn(0, 5, binary_data, bp);
    }

    if (symbol->debug & ZINT_DEBUG_PRINT) {
        printf("M2 Terminated binary (%d): %.*s (bits_left %d)\n", bp, bp, binary_data, bits_left);
    }

    if (latch == 0) {
        /* Complete current byte */
        int remainder = 8 - (bp % 8);
        if (remainder != 8) {
            bp = bin_append_posn(0, remainder, binary_data, bp);
        }

        /* Add padding */
        bits_left = bits_total - bp;
        remainder = bits_left / 8;
        for (i = 0; i < remainder; i++) {
            bp = bin_append_posn(i & 1 ? 0x11 : 0xEC, 8, binary_data, bp);
        }
    }

    if (ecc_mode == QR_LEVEL_L) {
        data_codewords = 5;
        ecc_codewords = 5;
    }
    else if (ecc_mode == QR_LEVEL_M) {
        data_codewords = 4;
        ecc_codewords = 6;
    }
    else assert(0);

    /* Copy data into codewords */
    for (i = 0; i < data_codewords; i++) {
        data_blocks[i] = 0;

        for (j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
            if (binary_data[(i * 8) + j] == '1') {
                data_blocks[i] |= 0x80 >> j;
            }
        }
    }
#ifdef ZINT_TEST
    if (symbol->debug & ZINT_DEBUG_TEST) debug_test_codeword_dump(symbol, data_blocks, data_codewords);
#endif

    /* Calculate Reed-Solomon error codewords */
    rs_init_gf(&rs, 0x11d);
    rs_init_code(&rs, ecc_codewords, 0);
    rs_encode(&rs, data_codewords, data_blocks, ecc_blocks);

    /* Add Reed-Solomon codewords to binary data */
    for (i = 0; i < ecc_codewords; i++) {
        bp = bin_append_posn(ecc_blocks[ecc_codewords - i - 1], 8, binary_data, bp);
    }

    return bp;
}

static int micro_qr_m3(struct zint_symbol *symbol, char binary_data[], int bp, const int ecc_mode) {
    int i, j, latch;
    int bits_total = 0, bits_left;
    int data_codewords = 0, ecc_codewords = 0;
    unsigned char data_blocks[12], ecc_blocks[9];
    rs_t rs;

    latch = 0;

    if (ecc_mode == QR_LEVEL_L) {
        bits_total = 84;
    }
    else if (ecc_mode == QR_LEVEL_M) {
        bits_total = 68;
    }
    else assert(0);

    /* Add terminator */
    bits_left = bits_total - bp;
    if (bits_left <= 7) {
        if (bits_left) {
            bp = bin_append_posn(0, bits_left, binary_data, bp);
        }
        latch = 1;
    } else {
        bp = bin_append_posn(0, 7, binary_data, bp);
    }

    if (symbol->debug & ZINT_DEBUG_PRINT) {
        printf("M3 Terminated binary (%d): %.*s (bits_left %d)\n", bp, bp, binary_data, bits_left);
    }

    if (latch == 0) {
        /* Manage last (4-bit) block */
        bits_left = bits_total - bp;
        if (bits_left <= 4) {
            if (bits_left) {
                bp = bin_append_posn(0, bits_left, binary_data, bp);
            }
            latch = 1;
        }
    }

    if (latch == 0) {
        /* Complete current byte */
        int remainder = 8 - (bp % 8);
        if (remainder != 8) {
            bp = bin_append_posn(0, remainder, binary_data, bp);
        }

        /* Add padding */
        bits_left = bits_total - bp;
        if (bits_left > 4) {
            remainder = (bits_left - 4) / 8;
            for (i = 0; i < remainder; i++) {
                bp = bin_append_posn(i & 1 ? 0x11 : 0xEC, 8, binary_data, bp);
            }
        }
        bp = bin_append_posn(0, 4, binary_data, bp);
    }

    if (ecc_mode == QR_LEVEL_L) {
        data_codewords = 11;
        ecc_codewords = 6;
    }
    else if (ecc_mode == QR_LEVEL_M) {
        data_codewords = 9;
        ecc_codewords = 8;
    }
    else assert(0);

    /* Copy data into codewords */
    for (i = 0; i < (data_codewords - 1); i++) {
        data_blocks[i] = 0;

        for (j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
            if (binary_data[(i * 8) + j] == '1') {
                data_blocks[i] |= 0x80 >> j;
            }
        }
    }

    if (ecc_mode == QR_LEVEL_L) {
        data_blocks[10] = 0;
        for (j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
            if (binary_data[80 + j] == '1') {
                data_blocks[10] |= 0x80 >> j;
            }
        }
    }

    if (ecc_mode == QR_LEVEL_M) {
        data_blocks[8] = 0;
        for (j = 0; j < 4; j++) {
            if (binary_data[64 + j] == '1') {
                data_blocks[8] |= 0x80 >> j;
            }
        }
    }
#ifdef ZINT_TEST
    if (symbol->debug & ZINT_DEBUG_TEST) debug_test_codeword_dump(symbol, data_blocks, data_codewords);
#endif

    /* Calculate Reed-Solomon error codewords */
    rs_init_gf(&rs, 0x11d);
    rs_init_code(&rs, ecc_codewords, 0);
    rs_encode(&rs, data_codewords, data_blocks, ecc_blocks);

    /* Add Reed-Solomon codewords to binary data */
    for (i = 0; i < ecc_codewords; i++) {
        bp = bin_append_posn(ecc_blocks[ecc_codewords - i - 1], 8, binary_data, bp);
    }

    return bp;
}

static int micro_qr_m4(struct zint_symbol *symbol, char binary_data[], int bp, const int ecc_mode) {
    int i, j, latch;
    int bits_total = 0, bits_left;
    int data_codewords = 0, ecc_codewords = 0;
    unsigned char data_blocks[17], ecc_blocks[15];
    rs_t rs;

    latch = 0;

    if (ecc_mode == QR_LEVEL_L) {
        bits_total = 128;
    }
    else if (ecc_mode == QR_LEVEL_M) {
        bits_total = 112;
    }
    else if (ecc_mode == QR_LEVEL_Q) {
        bits_total = 80;
    }
    else assert(0);

    /* Add terminator */
    bits_left = bits_total - bp;
    if (bits_left <= 9) {
        if (bits_left) {
            bp = bin_append_posn(0, bits_left, binary_data, bp);
        }
        latch = 1;
    } else {
        bp = bin_append_posn(0, 9, binary_data, bp);
    }

    if (symbol->debug & ZINT_DEBUG_PRINT) {
        printf("M4 Terminated binary (%d): %.*s (bits_left %d)\n", bp, bp, binary_data, bits_left);
    }

    if (latch == 0) {
        /* Complete current byte */
        int remainder = 8 - (bp % 8);
        if (remainder != 8) {
            bp = bin_append_posn(0, remainder, binary_data, bp);
        }

        /* Add padding */
        bits_left = bits_total - bp;
        remainder = bits_left / 8;
        for (i = 0; i < remainder; i++) {
            bp = bin_append_posn(i & 1 ? 0x11 : 0xEC, 8, binary_data, bp);
        }
    }

    if (ecc_mode == QR_LEVEL_L) {
        data_codewords = 16;
        ecc_codewords = 8;
    }
    else if (ecc_mode == QR_LEVEL_M) {
        data_codewords = 14;
        ecc_codewords = 10;
    }
    else if (ecc_mode == QR_LEVEL_Q) {
        data_codewords = 10;
        ecc_codewords = 14;
    }
    else assert(0);

    /* Copy data into codewords */
    for (i = 0; i < data_codewords; i++) {
        data_blocks[i] = 0;

        for (j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
            if (binary_data[(i * 8) + j] == '1') {
                data_blocks[i] |= 0x80 >> j;
            }
        }
    }
#ifdef ZINT_TEST
    if (symbol->debug & ZINT_DEBUG_TEST) debug_test_codeword_dump(symbol, data_blocks, data_codewords);
#endif

    /* Calculate Reed-Solomon error codewords */
    rs_init_gf(&rs, 0x11d);
    rs_init_code(&rs, ecc_codewords, 0);
    rs_encode(&rs, data_codewords, data_blocks, ecc_blocks);

    /* Add Reed-Solomon codewords to binary data */
    for (i = 0; i < ecc_codewords; i++) {
        bp = bin_append_posn(ecc_blocks[ecc_codewords - i - 1], 8, binary_data, bp);
    }

    return bp;
}

static void micro_setup_grid(unsigned char *grid, const int size) {
    int i, toggle = 1;

    /* Add timing patterns */
    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
        if (toggle == 1) {
            grid[i] = 0x21;
            grid[(i * size)] = 0x21;
            toggle = 0;
        } else {
            grid[i] = 0x20;
            grid[(i * size)] = 0x20;
            toggle = 1;
        }
    }

    /* Add finder patterns */
    qr_place_finder(grid, size, 0, 0);

    /* Add separators */
    for (i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
        grid[(7 * size) + i] = 0x10;
        grid[(i * size) + 7] = 0x10;
    }
    grid[(7 * size) + 7] = 0x10;


    /* Reserve space for format information */
    for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
        grid[(8 * size) + i] |= 0x20;
        grid[(i * size) + 8] |= 0x20;
    }
    grid[(8 * size) + 8] |= 20;
}

static void micro_populate_grid(unsigned char *grid, const int size, const char full_stream[], int bp) {
    int direction = 1; /* up */
    int row = 0; /* right hand side */
    int i;
    int y;

    y = size - 1;
    i = 0;
    do {
        int x = (size - 2) - (row * 2);

        if (!(grid[(y * size) + (x + 1)] & 0xf0)) {
            if (full_stream[i] == '1') {
                grid[(y * size) + (x + 1)] = 0x01;
            } else {
                grid[(y * size) + (x + 1)] = 0x00;
            }
            i++;
        }

        if (i < bp) {
            if (!(grid[(y * size) + x] & 0xf0)) {
                if (full_stream[i] == '1') {
                    grid[(y * size) + x] = 0x01;
                } else {
                    grid[(y * size) + x] = 0x00;
                }
                i++;
            }
        }

        if (direction) {
            y--;
        } else {
            y++;
        }
        if (y == 0) {
            /* reached the top */
            row++;
            y = 1;
            direction = 0;
        }
        if (y == size) {
            /* reached the bottom */
            row++;
            y = size - 1;
            direction = 1;
        }
    } while (i < bp);
}

static int micro_evaluate(const unsigned char *grid, const int size, const int pattern) {
    int sum1, sum2, i, filter = 0, retval;

    switch (pattern) {
        case 0: filter = 0x01;
            break;
        case 1: filter = 0x02;
            break;
        case 2: filter = 0x04;
            break;
        case 3: filter = 0x08;
            break;
    }

    sum1 = 0;
    sum2 = 0;
    for (i = 1; i < size; i++) {
        if (grid[(i * size) + size - 1] & filter) {
            sum1++;
        }
        if (grid[((size - 1) * size) + i] & filter) {
            sum2++;
        }
    }

    if (sum1 <= sum2) {
        retval = (sum1 * 16) + sum2;
    } else {
        retval = (sum2 * 16) + sum1;
    }

    return retval;
}

static int micro_apply_bitmask(unsigned char *grid, const int size, const int user_mask, const int debug_print) {
    int x, y;
    int r, k;
    int bit;
    int pattern, value[4];
    int best_pattern;
    int size_squared = size * size;

#ifndef _MSC_VER
    unsigned char mask[size_squared];
    unsigned char eval[size_squared];
#else
    unsigned char *mask = (unsigned char *) _alloca(size_squared);
    unsigned char *eval = (unsigned char *) _alloca(size_squared);
#endif

    /* Perform data masking */
    memset(mask, 0, size_squared);
    for (y = 0; y < size; y++) {
        r = y * size;
        for (x = 0; x < size; x++) {

            if (!(grid[r + x] & 0xf0)) {
                if ((y & 1) == 0) {
                    mask[r + x] |= 0x01;
                }

                if ((((y / 2) + (x / 3)) & 1) == 0) {
                    mask[r + x] |= 0x02;
                }

                if (((((y * x) & 1) + ((y * x) % 3)) & 1) == 0) {
                    mask[r + x] |= 0x04;
                }

                if (((((y + x) & 1) + ((y * x) % 3)) & 1) == 0) {
                    mask[r + x] |= 0x08;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    if (user_mask) {
        best_pattern = user_mask - 1;
    } else {
        for (k = 0; k < size_squared; k++) {
            if (grid[k] & 0x01) {
                eval[k] = mask[k] ^ 0xff;
            } else {
                eval[k] = mask[k];
            }
        }


        /* Evaluate result */
        best_pattern = 0;
        for (pattern = 0; pattern < 4; pattern++) {
            value[pattern] = micro_evaluate(eval, size, pattern);
            if (value[pattern] > value[best_pattern]) {
                best_pattern = pattern;
            }
        }
    }

    if (debug_print) {
        printf("Mask: %d (%s)", best_pattern, user_mask ? "specified" : "automatic");
        if (!user_mask) {
            for (pattern = 0; pattern < 4; pattern++) printf(" %d:%d", pattern, value[pattern]);
        }
        printf("\n");
    }

    /* Apply mask */
    bit = 1 << best_pattern;
    for (k = 0; k < size_squared; k++) {
        if (mask[k] & bit) {
            if (grid[k] & 0x01) {
                grid[k] = 0x00;
            } else {
                grid[k] = 0x01;
            }
        }
    }

    return best_pattern;
}

INTERNAL int microqr(struct zint_symbol *symbol, unsigned char source[], int length) {
    int i, size, j;
    char full_stream[200];
    int bp;
    int full_multibyte;
    int user_mask;

    unsigned int ddata[40];
    char mode[40];
    int alpha_used = 0, byte_or_kanji_used = 0;
    int version_valid[4];
    int binary_count[4];
    int ecc_level, autoversion, version;
    int bitmask, format, format_full;
    int size_squared;
    struct zint_seg segs[1];
    const int seg_count = 1;
    const int debug_print = symbol->debug & ZINT_DEBUG_PRINT;
#ifdef _MSC_VER
    unsigned char *grid;
#endif

    if (length > 35) {
        strcpy(symbol->errtxt, "562: Input data too long");
        return ZINT_ERROR_TOO_LONG;
    }

    /* Check option 1 in combination with option 2 */
    ecc_level = QR_LEVEL_L;
    if (symbol->option_1 >= 1 && symbol->option_1 <= 4) {
        if (symbol->option_1 == 4) {
            strcpy(symbol->errtxt, "566: Error correction level H not available");
            return ZINT_ERROR_INVALID_OPTION;
        }
        if (symbol->option_2 >= 1 && symbol->option_2 <= 4) {
            if (symbol->option_2 == 1 && symbol->option_1 != 1) {
                strcpy(symbol->errtxt, "574: Version M1 supports error correction level L only");
                return ZINT_ERROR_INVALID_OPTION;
            }
            if (symbol->option_2 != 4 && symbol->option_1 == 3) {
                strcpy(symbol->errtxt, "563: Error correction level Q requires Version M4");
                return ZINT_ERROR_INVALID_OPTION;
            }
        }
        ecc_level = symbol->option_1;
    }

    /* If ZINT_FULL_MULTIBYTE use Kanji mode in DATA_MODE or for non-Shift JIS in UNICODE_MODE */
    full_multibyte = (symbol->option_3 & 0xFF) == ZINT_FULL_MULTIBYTE;
    user_mask = (symbol->option_3 >> 8) & 0x0F; /* User mask is pattern + 1, so >= 1 and <= 4 */
    if (user_mask > 4) {
        user_mask = 0; /* Ignore */
    }

    if ((symbol->input_mode & 0x07) == DATA_MODE) {
        sjis_cpy(source, &length, ddata, full_multibyte);
    } else {
        /* Try ISO 8859-1 conversion first */
        int error_number = sjis_utf8_to_eci(3, source, &length, ddata, full_multibyte);
        if (error_number != 0) {
            /* Try Shift-JIS */
            error_number = sjis_utf8(symbol, source, &length, ddata);
            if (error_number != 0) {
                return error_number;
            }
        }
    }

    /* Determine if alpha (excluding numerics), byte or kanji used */
    for (i = 0; i < length && (alpha_used == 0 || byte_or_kanji_used == 0); i++) {
        if (ddata[i] < '0' || ddata[i] > '9') {
            if (qr_is_alpha(ddata[i], 0 /*gs1*/)) {
                alpha_used = 1;
            } else {
                byte_or_kanji_used = 1;
            }
        }
    }

    for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
        version_valid[i] = 1;
    }

    /* Eliminate possible versions depending on type of content */
    if (byte_or_kanji_used) {
        version_valid[0] = 0;
        version_valid[1] = 0;
    } else if (alpha_used) {
        version_valid[0] = 0;
    }

    /* Eliminate possible versions depending on error correction level specified */
    if (ecc_level == QR_LEVEL_Q) {
        version_valid[0] = 0;
        version_valid[1] = 0;
        version_valid[2] = 0;
    } else if (ecc_level == QR_LEVEL_M) {
        version_valid[0] = 0;
    }

    segs[0].source = source;
    segs[0].length = length;
    segs[0].eci = 0;

    /* Determine length of binary data */
    for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
        if (version_valid[i]) {
            binary_count[i] = qr_calc_binlen_segs(MICROQR_VERSION + i, mode, ddata, segs, seg_count,
                                NULL /*p_structapp*/, 0 /*gs1*/, debug_print);
        } else {
            binary_count[i] = 128 + 1;
        }
    }

    /* Eliminate possible versions depending on length of binary data */
    if (binary_count[0] > 20) {
        version_valid[0] = 0;
    }
    if (binary_count[1] > 40) {
        version_valid[1] = 0;
    }
    if (binary_count[2] > 84) {
        version_valid[2] = 0;
    }
    if (binary_count[3] > 128) {
        strcpy(symbol->errtxt, "565: Input data too long");
        return ZINT_ERROR_TOO_LONG;
    }

    /* Eliminate possible versions depending on binary length and error correction level specified */
    if (ecc_level == QR_LEVEL_Q) {
        if (binary_count[3] > 80) {
            strcpy(symbol->errtxt, "567: Input data too long");
            return ZINT_ERROR_TOO_LONG;
        }
    } else if (ecc_level == QR_LEVEL_M) {
        if (binary_count[1] > 32) {
            version_valid[1] = 0;
        }
        if (binary_count[2] > 68) {
            version_valid[2] = 0;
        }
        if (binary_count[3] > 112) {
            strcpy(symbol->errtxt, "568: Input data too long");
            return ZINT_ERROR_TOO_LONG;
        }
    }

    autoversion = 3;
    if (version_valid[2]) {
        autoversion = 2;
    }
    if (version_valid[1]) {
        autoversion = 1;
    }
    if (version_valid[0]) {
        autoversion = 0;
    }

    version = autoversion;
    /* Get version from user */
    if ((symbol->option_2 >= 1) && (symbol->option_2 <= 4)) {
        if (symbol->option_2 == 1 && !is_sane(NEON_F, source, length)) {
            strcpy(symbol->errtxt, "775: Invalid character in data for Version M1 (digits only)");
            return ZINT_ERROR_INVALID_DATA;
        } else if (symbol->option_2 == 2 && !is_sane(QR_ALPHA, source, length)) {
            strcpy(symbol->errtxt,
                    "776: Invalid character in data for Version M2 (digits, A-Z, space and \"$%*+-./:\" only)");
            return ZINT_ERROR_INVALID_DATA;
        }
        if (symbol->option_2 - 1 >= autoversion) {
            version = symbol->option_2 - 1;
        } else {
            strcpy(symbol->errtxt, "570: Input too long for selected symbol size");
            return ZINT_ERROR_TOO_LONG;
        }
    }

    /* If there is enough unused space then increase the error correction level, unless user-specified */
    if (symbol->option_1 == -1 || symbol->option_1 != ecc_level) {
        if (version == 3) {
            if (binary_count[3] <= 112) {
                ecc_level = QR_LEVEL_M;
            }
            if (binary_count[3] <= 80) {
                ecc_level = QR_LEVEL_Q;
            }
        } else if (version == 2) {
            if (binary_count[2] <= 68) {
                ecc_level = QR_LEVEL_M;
            }
        } else if (version == 1) {
            if (binary_count[1] <= 32) {
                ecc_level = QR_LEVEL_M;
            }
        }
    }

    qr_define_mode(mode, ddata, length, 0 /*gs1*/, MICROQR_VERSION + version, debug_print);

    bp = qr_binary_segs((unsigned char *) full_stream, MICROQR_VERSION + version, 0 /*target_codewords*/, mode, ddata,
                    segs, seg_count, NULL /*p_structapp*/, 0 /*gs1*/, binary_count[version], debug_print);

    if (debug_print) printf("Binary (%d): %.*s\n", bp, bp, full_stream);

    switch (version) {
        case 0: bp = micro_qr_m1(symbol, full_stream, bp);
            break;
        case 1: bp = micro_qr_m2(symbol, full_stream, bp, ecc_level);
            break;
        case 2: bp = micro_qr_m3(symbol, full_stream, bp, ecc_level);
            break;
        case 3: bp = micro_qr_m4(symbol, full_stream, bp, ecc_level);
            break;
    }

    size = micro_qr_sizes[version];
    size_squared = size * size;
#ifndef _MSC_VER
    unsigned char grid[size_squared];
#else
    grid = (unsigned char *) _alloca(size_squared);
#endif

    memset(grid, 0, size_squared);

    micro_setup_grid(grid, size);
    micro_populate_grid(grid, size, full_stream, bp);
    bitmask = micro_apply_bitmask(grid, size, user_mask, debug_print);

    /* Add format data */
    format = 0;
    switch (version) {
        case 1: switch (ecc_level) {
                case 1: format = 1;
                    break;
                case 2: format = 2;
                    break;
            }
            break;
        case 2: switch (ecc_level) {
                case 1: format = 3;
                    break;
                case 2: format = 4;
                    break;
            }
            break;
        case 3: switch (ecc_level) {
                case 1: format = 5;
                    break;
                case 2: format = 6;
                    break;
                case 3: format = 7;
                    break;
            }
            break;
    }

    if (debug_print) {
        printf("Version: M%d-%c, Size: %dx%d, Format: %d\n",
                version + 1, qr_ecc_level_names[ecc_level - 1], size, size, format);
    }

    format_full = qr_annex_c1[(format << 2) + bitmask];

    if (format_full & 0x4000) {
        grid[(8 * size) + 1] |= 0x01;
    }
    if (format_full & 0x2000) {
        grid[(8 * size) + 2] |= 0x01;
    }
    if (format_full & 0x1000) {
        grid[(8 * size) + 3] |= 0x01;
    }
    if (format_full & 0x800) {
        grid[(8 * size) + 4] |= 0x01;
    }
    if (format_full & 0x400) {
        grid[(8 * size) + 5] |= 0x01;
    }
    if (format_full & 0x200) {
        grid[(8 * size) + 6] |= 0x01;
    }
    if (format_full & 0x100) {
        grid[(8 * size) + 7] |= 0x01;
    }
    if (format_full & 0x80) {
        grid[(8 * size) + 8] |= 0x01;
    }
    if (format_full & 0x40) {
        grid[(7 * size) + 8] |= 0x01;
    }
    if (format_full & 0x20) {
        grid[(6 * size) + 8] |= 0x01;
    }
    if (format_full & 0x10) {
        grid[(5 * size) + 8] |= 0x01;
    }
    if (format_full & 0x08) {
        grid[(4 * size) + 8] |= 0x01;
    }
    if (format_full & 0x04) {
        grid[(3 * size) + 8] |= 0x01;
    }
    if (format_full & 0x02) {
        grid[(2 * size) + 8] |= 0x01;
    }
    if (format_full & 0x01) {
        grid[(1 * size) + 8] |= 0x01;
    }

    symbol->width = size;
    symbol->rows = size;

    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
        for (j = 0; j < size; j++) {
            if (grid[(i * size) + j] & 0x01) {
                set_module(symbol, i, j);
            }
        }
        symbol->row_height[i] = 1;
    }
    symbol->height = size;

    return 0;
}

/* For UPNQR the symbol size and error correction capacity is fixed */
INTERNAL int upnqr(struct zint_symbol *symbol, unsigned char source[], int length) {
    int i, j, r, est_binlen;
    int ecc_level, version, target_codewords, blocks, size;
    int bitmask, error_number;
    int size_squared;
    struct zint_seg segs[1];
    const int seg_count = 1;
    const int debug_print = symbol->debug & ZINT_DEBUG_PRINT;

#ifndef _MSC_VER
    unsigned int ddata[length + 1];
    char mode[length + 1];
#else
    unsigned char *datastream;
    unsigned char *fullstream;
    unsigned char *grid;
    unsigned int *ddata = (unsigned int *) _alloca(sizeof(unsigned int) * length);
    char *mode = (char *) _alloca(length + 1);
#endif

#ifndef _MSC_VER
    unsigned char preprocessed[length + 1];
#else
    unsigned char *preprocessed = (unsigned char *) _alloca(length + 1);
#endif

    symbol->eci = 4; /* Set before any processing */

    switch (symbol->input_mode & 0x07) {
        case DATA_MODE:
            /* Input is already in ISO-8859-2 format */
            for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
                ddata[i] = source[i];
                mode[i] = 'B';
            }
            break;
        case GS1_MODE: /* Should never happen as checked before being called */
            strcpy(symbol->errtxt, "571: UPNQR does not support GS-1 encoding"); /* Not reached */
            return ZINT_ERROR_INVALID_OPTION;
            break;
        case UNICODE_MODE:
            error_number = utf8_to_eci(4, source, preprocessed, &length);
            if (error_number != 0) {
                strcpy(symbol->errtxt, "572: Invalid character in input data for ECI 4");
                return error_number;
            }
            for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
                ddata[i] = preprocessed[i];
                mode[i] = 'B';
            }
            break;
    }

    segs[0].source = source;
    segs[0].length = length;
    segs[0].eci = 4;

    est_binlen = qr_calc_binlen_segs(15, mode, ddata, segs, seg_count, NULL /*p_structapp*/, 0, debug_print);

    ecc_level = QR_LEVEL_M;

    if (est_binlen > 3320) {
        strcpy(symbol->errtxt, "573: Input too long for selected symbol");
        return ZINT_ERROR_TOO_LONG;
    }

    version = 15; // 77 x 77

    target_codewords = qr_data_codewords_M[version - 1];
    blocks = qr_blocks_M[version - 1];
#ifndef _MSC_VER
    unsigned char datastream[target_codewords + 1];
    unsigned char fullstream[qr_total_codewords[version - 1] + 1];
#else
    datastream = (unsigned char *) _alloca(target_codewords + 1);
    fullstream = (unsigned char *) _alloca(qr_total_codewords[version - 1] + 1);
#endif

    (void) qr_binary_segs(datastream, version, target_codewords, mode, ddata, segs, seg_count, NULL /*p_structapp*/,
                    0 /*gs1*/, est_binlen, debug_print);
#ifdef ZINT_TEST
    if (symbol->debug & ZINT_DEBUG_TEST) debug_test_codeword_dump(symbol, datastream, target_codewords);
#endif
    qr_add_ecc(fullstream, datastream, version, target_codewords, blocks, debug_print);

    size = qr_sizes[version - 1];
    size_squared = size * size;
#ifndef _MSC_VER
    unsigned char grid[size_squared];
#else
    grid = (unsigned char *) _alloca(size_squared);
#endif

    memset(grid, 0, size_squared);

    qr_setup_grid(grid, size, version);
    qr_populate_grid(grid, size, size, fullstream, qr_total_codewords[version - 1]);

    qr_add_version_info(grid, size, version);

    bitmask = qr_apply_bitmask(grid, size, ecc_level, 0 /*user_mask*/, debug_print);

    qr_add_format_info(grid, size, ecc_level, bitmask);

    symbol->width = size;
    symbol->rows = size;

    for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
        r = i * size;
        for (j = 0; j < size; j++) {
            if (grid[r + j] & 0x01) {
                set_module(symbol, i, j);
            }
        }
        symbol->row_height[i] = 1;
    }
    symbol->height = size;

    return 0;
}

static void rmqr_setup_grid(unsigned char *grid, const int h_size, const int v_size) {
    int i, j;
    char alignment[] = {0x1F, 0x11, 0x15, 0x11, 0x1F};
    int h_version, finder_position;

    /* Add timing patterns - top and bottom */
    for (i = 0; i < h_size; i++) {
        if (i % 2) {
            grid[i] = 0x20;
            grid[((v_size - 1) * h_size) + i] = 0x20;
        } else {
            grid[i] = 0x21;
            grid[((v_size - 1) * h_size) + i] = 0x21;
        }
    }

    /* Add timing patterns - left and right */
    for (i = 0; i < v_size; i++) {
        if (i % 2) {
            grid[i * h_size] = 0x20;
            grid[(i * h_size) + (h_size - 1)] = 0x20;
        } else {
            grid[i * h_size] = 0x21;
            grid[(i * h_size) + (h_size - 1)] = 0x21;
        }
    }

    /* Add finder pattern */
    qr_place_finder(grid, h_size, 0, 0); // This works because finder is always top left

    /* Add finder sub-pattern to bottom right */
    for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
        for (j = 0; j < 5; j++) {
            if (alignment[j] & 0x10 >> i) {
                grid[((v_size - 5) * h_size) + (h_size * i) + (h_size - 5) + j] = 0x11;
            } else {
                grid[((v_size - 5) * h_size) + (h_size * i) + (h_size - 5) + j] = 0x10;
            }
        }
    }

    /* Add corner finder pattern - bottom left */
    grid[(v_size - 2) * h_size] = 0x11;
    grid[((v_size - 2) * h_size) + 1] = 0x10;
    grid[((v_size - 1) * h_size) + 1] = 0x11;

    /* Add corner finder pattern - top right */
    grid[h_size - 2] = 0x11;
    grid[(h_size * 2) - 2] = 0x10;
    grid[(h_size * 2) - 1] = 0x11;

    /* Add seperator */
    for (i = 0; i < 7; i++) {
        grid[(i * h_size) + 7] = 0x20;
    }
    if (v_size > 7) {
        // Note for v_size = 9 this overrides the bottom right corner finder pattern
        for (i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
            grid[(7 * h_size) + i] = 0x20;
        }
    }

    /* Add alignment patterns */
    if (h_size > 27) {
        h_version = 0; // Suppress compiler warning [-Wmaybe-uninitialized]
        for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
            if (h_size == rmqr_width[i]) {
                h_version = i;
                break;
            }
        }

        for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
            finder_position = rmqr_table_d1[(h_version * 4) + i];

            if (finder_position != 0) {
                for (j = 0; j < v_size; j++) {
                    if (j % 2) {
                        grid[(j * h_size) + finder_position] = 0x10;
                    } else {
                        grid[(j * h_size) + finder_position] = 0x11;
                    }
                }

                // Top square
                grid[h_size + finder_position - 1] = 0x11;
                grid[(h_size * 2) + finder_position - 1] = 0x11;
                grid[h_size + finder_position + 1] = 0x11;
                grid[(h_size * 2) + finder_position + 1] = 0x11;

                // Bottom square
                grid[(h_size * (v_size - 3)) + finder_position - 1] = 0x11;
                grid[(h_size * (v_size - 2)) + finder_position - 1] = 0x11;
                grid[(h_size * (v_size - 3)) + finder_position + 1] = 0x11;
                grid[(h_size * (v_size - 2)) + finder_position + 1] = 0x11;
            }
        }
    }

    /* Reserve space for format information */
    for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
        for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
            grid[(h_size * (i + 1)) + j + 8] = 0x20;
            grid[(h_size * (v_size - 6)) + (h_size * i) + j + (h_size - 8)] = 0x20;
        }
    }
    grid[(h_size * 1) + 11] = 0x20;
    grid[(h_size * 2) + 11] = 0x20;
    grid[(h_size * 3) + 11] = 0x20;
    grid[(h_size * (v_size - 6)) + (h_size - 5)] = 0x20;
    grid[(h_size * (v_size - 6)) + (h_size - 4)] = 0x20;
    grid[(h_size * (v_size - 6)) + (h_size - 3)] = 0x20;
}

/* rMQR according to 2018 draft standard */
INTERNAL int rmqr(struct zint_symbol *symbol, struct zint_seg segs[], const int seg_count) {
    int warn_number;
    int i, j, est_binlen;
    int ecc_level, autosize, version, max_cw, target_codewords, blocks, h_size, v_size;
    int gs1;
    int footprint, best_footprint, format_data;
    unsigned int left_format_info, right_format_info;
    const int debug_print = symbol->debug & ZINT_DEBUG_PRINT;
    const int eci_length_segs = get_eci_length_segs(segs, seg_count);

#ifndef _MSC_VER
    struct zint_seg local_segs[seg_count];
    unsigned int ddata[eci_length_segs];
    char mode[eci_length_segs];
#else
    struct zint_seg *local_segs = (struct zint_seg *) _alloca(sizeof(struct zint_seg) * seg_count);
    unsigned int *ddata = (unsigned int *) _alloca(sizeof(unsigned int) * eci_length_segs);
    char *mode = (char *) _alloca(eci_length_segs);
    unsigned char *datastream;
    unsigned char *fullstream;
    unsigned char *grid;
#endif

    gs1 = ((symbol->input_mode & 0x07) == GS1_MODE);

    segs_cpy(segs, seg_count, local_segs);

    warn_number = qr_prep_data(symbol, local_segs, seg_count, ddata);
    if (warn_number >= ZINT_ERROR) {
        return warn_number;
    }

    est_binlen = qr_calc_binlen_segs(RMQR_VERSION + 31, mode, ddata, local_segs, seg_count, NULL /*p_structapp*/, gs1,
                    debug_print);

    ecc_level = QR_LEVEL_M;
    max_cw = 152;
    if (symbol->option_1 == 1) {
        strcpy(symbol->errtxt, "576: Error correction level L not available in rMQR");
        return ZINT_ERROR_INVALID_OPTION;
    }

    if (symbol->option_1 == 3) {
        strcpy(symbol->errtxt, "577: Error correction level Q not available in rMQR");
        return ZINT_ERROR_INVALID_OPTION;
    }

    if (symbol->option_1 == 4) {
        ecc_level = QR_LEVEL_H;
        max_cw = 76;
    }

    if (est_binlen > (8 * max_cw)) {
        strcpy(symbol->errtxt, "578: Input too long for selected error correction level");
        return ZINT_ERROR_TOO_LONG;
    }

    if ((symbol->option_2 < 0) || (symbol->option_2 > 38)) {
        strcpy(symbol->errtxt, "579: Invalid rMQR symbol size");
        return ZINT_ERROR_INVALID_OPTION;
    }

    version = 31; // Set default to keep compiler happy

    if (symbol->option_2 == 0) {
        // Automatic symbol size
        autosize = 31;
        best_footprint = rmqr_height[31] * rmqr_width[31];
        for (version = 30; version >= 0; version--) {
            est_binlen = qr_calc_binlen_segs(RMQR_VERSION + version, mode, ddata, local_segs, seg_count,
                            NULL /*p_structapp*/, gs1, debug_print);
            footprint = rmqr_height[version] * rmqr_width[version];
            if (ecc_level == QR_LEVEL_M) {
                if (8 * rmqr_data_codewords_M[version] >= est_binlen) {
                    if (footprint < best_footprint) {
                        autosize = version;
                        best_footprint = footprint;
                    }
                }
            } else {
                if (8 * rmqr_data_codewords_H[version] >= est_binlen) {
                    if (footprint < best_footprint) {
                        autosize = version;
                        best_footprint = footprint;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
        version = autosize;
        est_binlen = qr_calc_binlen_segs(RMQR_VERSION + version, mode, ddata, local_segs, seg_count,
                        NULL /*p_structapp*/, gs1, debug_print);
    }

    if ((symbol->option_2 >= 1) && (symbol->option_2 <= 32)) {
        // User specified symbol size
        version = symbol->option_2 - 1;
        est_binlen = qr_calc_binlen_segs(RMQR_VERSION + version, mode, ddata, local_segs, seg_count,
                        NULL /*p_structapp*/, gs1, debug_print);
    }

    if (symbol->option_2 >= 33) {
        // User has specified symbol height only
        version = rmqr_fixed_height_upper_bound[symbol->option_2 - 32];
        for (i = version - 1; i > rmqr_fixed_height_upper_bound[symbol->option_2 - 33]; i--) {
            est_binlen = qr_calc_binlen_segs(RMQR_VERSION + i, mode, ddata, local_segs, seg_count,
                            NULL /*p_structapp*/, gs1, debug_print);
            if (ecc_level == QR_LEVEL_M) {
                if (8 * rmqr_data_codewords_M[i] >= est_binlen) {
                    version = i;
                }
            } else {
                if (8 * rmqr_data_codewords_H[i] >= est_binlen) {
                    version = i;
                }
            }
        }
        est_binlen = qr_calc_binlen_segs(RMQR_VERSION + version, mode, ddata, local_segs, seg_count,
                        NULL /*p_structapp*/, gs1, debug_print);
    }

    if (symbol->option_1 == -1) {
        // Detect if there is enough free space to increase ECC level
        if (est_binlen < (rmqr_data_codewords_H[version] * 8)) {
            ecc_level = QR_LEVEL_H;
        }
    }

    if (ecc_level == QR_LEVEL_M) {
        target_codewords = rmqr_data_codewords_M[version];
        blocks = rmqr_blocks_M[version];
    } else {
        target_codewords = rmqr_data_codewords_H[version];
        blocks = rmqr_blocks_H[version];
    }

    if (est_binlen > (target_codewords * 8)) {
        // User has selected a symbol too small for the data
        strcpy(symbol->errtxt, "560: Input too long for selected symbol size");
        return ZINT_ERROR_TOO_LONG;
    }

    if (debug_print) {
        printf("Minimum codewords: %d\n", (est_binlen + 7) / 8);
        printf("Selected version: %d = R%dx%d-%c\n",
                (version + 1), rmqr_height[version], rmqr_width[version], qr_ecc_level_names[ecc_level - 1]);
        printf("Number of data codewords in symbol: %d\n", target_codewords);
        printf("Number of ECC blocks: %d\n", blocks);
    }

#ifndef _MSC_VER
    unsigned char datastream[target_codewords + 1];
    unsigned char fullstream[rmqr_total_codewords[version] + 1];
#else
    datastream = (unsigned char *) _alloca(target_codewords + 1);
    fullstream = (unsigned char *) _alloca(rmqr_total_codewords[version] + 1);
#endif

    (void) qr_binary_segs(datastream, RMQR_VERSION + version, target_codewords, mode, ddata, local_segs, seg_count,
                    NULL /*p_structapp*/, gs1, est_binlen, debug_print);
#ifdef ZINT_TEST
    if (symbol->debug & ZINT_DEBUG_TEST) debug_test_codeword_dump(symbol, datastream, target_codewords);
#endif
    qr_add_ecc(fullstream, datastream, RMQR_VERSION + version, target_codewords, blocks, debug_print);

    h_size = rmqr_width[version];
    v_size = rmqr_height[version];

#ifndef _MSC_VER
    unsigned char grid[h_size * v_size];
#else
    grid = (unsigned char *) _alloca(h_size * v_size);
#endif

    memset(grid, 0, h_size * v_size);

    rmqr_setup_grid(grid, h_size, v_size);
    qr_populate_grid(grid, h_size, v_size, fullstream, rmqr_total_codewords[version]);

    /* apply bitmask */
    for (i = 0; i < v_size; i++) {
        int r = i * h_size;
        for (j = 0; j < h_size; j++) {
            if ((grid[r + j] & 0xf0) == 0) {
                // This is a data module
                if (((i / 2) + (j / 3)) % 2 == 0) { // < This is the data mask from section 7.8.2
                    // This module needs to be changed
                    if (grid[r + j] == 0x01) {
                        grid[r + j] = 0x00;
                    } else {
                        grid[r + j] = 0x01;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

    /* add format information */
    format_data = version;
    if (ecc_level == QR_LEVEL_H) {
        format_data += 32;
    }
    left_format_info = rmqr_format_info_left[format_data];
    right_format_info = rmqr_format_info_right[format_data];

    for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
        for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
            grid[(h_size * (i + 1)) + j + 8] = (left_format_info >> ((j * 5) + i)) & 0x01;
            grid[(h_size * (v_size - 6)) + (h_size * i) + j + (h_size - 8)]
                = (right_format_info >> ((j * 5) + i)) & 0x01;
        }
    }
    grid[(h_size * 1) + 11] = (left_format_info >> 15) & 0x01;
    grid[(h_size * 2) + 11] = (left_format_info >> 16) & 0x01;
    grid[(h_size * 3) + 11] = (left_format_info >> 17) & 0x01;
    grid[(h_size * (v_size - 6)) + (h_size - 5)] = (right_format_info >> 15) & 0x01;
    grid[(h_size * (v_size - 6)) + (h_size - 4)] = (right_format_info >> 16) & 0x01;
    grid[(h_size * (v_size - 6)) + (h_size - 3)] = (right_format_info >> 17) & 0x01;

    symbol->width = h_size;
    symbol->rows = v_size;

    for (i = 0; i < v_size; i++) {
        int r = i * h_size;
        for (j = 0; j < h_size; j++) {
            if (grid[r + j] & 0x01) {
                set_module(symbol, i, j);
            }
        }
        symbol->row_height[i] = 1;
    }
    symbol->height = v_size;

    return warn_number;
}

/* vim: set ts=4 sw=4 et : */